Project MAC

This decade also saw the first major developments in molecular graphics. The first multiple-access computer was built at MIT (the so-called project MAC), which was a prototype for the development of modern computing. This device included a high-performance oscilloscope on which programs could draw vectors very rapidly and a closely coupled trackball with which the user could interact with the representation on the screen. Using this equipment, Levinthal and his team developed the first molecular graphics system, and his article in Scientific American [25] remains a classic in the field and laid the foundations for many of the features that characterize modern day molecular graphics systems. 

Paterson, M. S. and C. E. Hewitt, "Comparative Schematology," Record Project MAC Conference on Concurrent Systems and Parallel Computation, Woods Hole Massachusetts, June 1970, ACM, 119-128. 

RWF is grateful to the Laboratoire de Photophysique Moleculaire of the Universite de Paris-Sud for a visiting professorship in 1981, to S. Novick and B. Kohler of Wesleyan University and R.J. Saykally of the University of California, Berkeley, for their hospitality, and to project MAC of MIT for a grant of computer time. A NATO international travel grant greatly accelerated and enriched the process of preparing this book. RWF owes his fascination with molecules to W.A. Klemperer and the late H.P. Broida. 

Figure 2 The Project MAC kludge display system (foreground). Note the crystal ball in front of the CRT used to interact with the software control program running on the host computer. A device for viewing images in stereo based on a half-silvered mirror can be seen mounted above the display. This unit could be pivoted down in front of the face of the CRT to view stereo images...

D. E. Thornhill, R. H. Stotz, D. T. Ross, and J. E. Ward, Technical Report MAC-Technical Report-56 , Electronic Systems Laboratory, Project MAC, Dept, of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, December 1968. 

New ways to represent structure data became available through molecular modeling by computer-based methods. The birth of interactive computer representation of molecular graphics was in the 196Ds. The first dynamic molecular pictures of small molecules were generated in 1964 by Lcvinthal in the Mathematics and Computation (MAC) project at the Electronic Systems Laboratoiy of the Massachusetts... 

It is available for different operating systems (Windows, Linux, Mac). The base system needs to be installed first. Under Windows, the base system is installed via the executable .exe file at http //cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/. 

Electronic acetates, computerized image files for a majority of the text illustrations, will also be available free to adopters upon request. The electronic acetates will be available in a Mac/Windows (ISBN 26204). These electronic acetates can be clearly projected on large lecture hall screens using a LCD projection system. 

CANMET (1996) Comparison of results from alternative acute toxicity tests with rainbow trout for selected mine effluents, Aquatic Effects Technology Evaluation (AETE) Program, Project 1.1.4, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Mining Association of Canada (MAC), Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 1-228. 

Denis Cosgrove, The Measure of America, in James Corner and Alex S. Mac Lean, eds.. Taking Measures Across the American Landscape (New Haven Yale University Press, 1996), p. 4. Mercator maps had, of course, accustomed people to the projection of vast, miniaturized landscapes on a flat plane. 

Commission, 2008). In this projected modification to the Directive, only 4 trace elements are listed Cd, Ni, Pb and Hg. For these elements, the values obtained in this study were compared with the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC-EQS) for inland surface waters when available (Table 4.5.2). In France, a Circulaire (2007) defines NQEp (which are the French translation of the European MAC-EQS). However, since there is still a need to evaluate the geochemical background for many trace elements in surface waters, it has to be borne in mind when comparing water quality data with NQEp values, that these are not yet the definitive values. Finally, data were compared with limits fixed for drinking waters (Decree, 2001). 

Tryggvason and co-workers [227, 228, 127, 128, 170, 224, 71, 72, 225] solve the Navier-Stokes equations using a projection method very similar to the MAC method [96]. The interface is tracked explicitly by connected marker points. In the solution procedure a fixed structured grid is used for the transport equations, and a moving grid of lower dimension marks the boundary between the bulk phases. This moving grid is called the front. 

Many databases used in drug discovery are ISIS/Oracle-based using MDL structural software and a variety of data entry and analysis systems, some are PC/Mac-based, and some are on a server. The ability to capture data and, then reassess its value through in silico approaches (148) has the potential to be a vast improvement over the "individual memory" systems that many drug companies used for the better part of the last century. Thus, with the retirement of a key scientist, the whole history of a project or even a department disappeared, and whatever folklore existed regarding unexplained findings with compounds 10 or 20 years before was lost with the individual. 

USSR MAC, which is the USSR-UNEP/IRPTC project that has set maximum allowable concentration limits in drinking water... 

Mountains of East Antarctica, in the Ellsworth Mountains of West Antarctica, and in the extinct volcanoes of Marie Byrd Land. In addition, small mountain ranges project through the East Antarctic ice sheet in Queen (or Dronning) Maud Land, in Enderby Land, in Mac. Robertson Land, and in a few places in Wilkes Land (e.g., Gaussberg, Section 1.3.3). 

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