Project/combined industries techniques

When disaggregating by industry sector and groupings it is clear that most sectors follow these broad patterns, but there are one or two anomalies. Thus, the Process/Combined grouping stands out as the one sector that places internal barriers (50%) over tool and technique inadequacy (39%) as the major cause of failure. This grouping also stands out as the one that places unrealistic expectations ahead of all of the other internal barriers. When it comes to internal barriers the Process/Manufacturing and the Project/Combined sectors both place culture (40% and 32% respectively) as the major barrier ahead of insufficient resource (28% and 15 respectively). 

Table 9.9 outlines the findings from a series of questions focused on the extent to which tool and technique inadequacy or internal barriers where responsible for failures of implementation. At the group level only the Process/Combined (with 61%) and the Project/Combined (with 57%) groups blamed tool inadequacy more than internal barriers for failures of implementation. All of the other groupings tended to blame internal barriers rather than tool and technique inadequacy as the primary cause of failure. At the industry sector level there was a wider differentiation. Those most blaming tool and technique inadequacy included Telecommunications (88%), Oil Gas (76%), Basic Chemicals (64%) and Computer Hardware (59%). Those most blaming internal barriers included Aerospace (78%), Retail Distribution (75%), Tourism Leisure (71%), Retail Financial Services (68%), Publishing (67%), IT Solutions (57%) and Confectionery (55%). 

The reason for this was because it was felt, initially, that process-based industries would tend to have higher tool and technique usage requirements than project-based industries, and that manufacturing industries would also tend to have more need than service base industries, with combined industries somewhere in between. The rationale here was that manufacturing and process-based industries would tend to need more routinised and standardised approaches to business that would favour tool and technique usage across all four functions. On the other hand it was hypothesised that project-based and services related industries, with a more ad-hoc and less routinised approach to business, would use tools and techniques much less across all of the four functions. 

Thus, this project in the Highlands is still its early days, but with a combination of research into the past and the use of modem analytical techniques in is hoped that progress will be made in providing interesting and unique ingredients for industry from the Highlands of Scotland. In turn, it is hoped that new uses will be found for land that currently has little value and yet will preserve its landscape value. 

Based on established isotope uses, on the projected increase in the pollution problem, and on the apparent social and economic pressure for pollution abatement, a significant demand for enriched isotopes appears to be developing for the assessment and control of air, water, and soil pollutants. Isotopic techniques will be used in combination with conventional methods of detection and measurement, such as gas chromatography, x-ray fluorescence, and atomic absorption. Recent advances in economical isotope separation methods, instrumentation, and methodology promise to place isotopic technology within the reach of most research and industrial institutions. Increased application of isotope techniques appears most likely to occur in areas where data are needed to characterize the movement, behavior, and fate of pollutants in the environment. 

An industrial evaluation of the methodology on realistic case studies is currently ongoing within the COMPASS project. This will provide substantial insights on the applicability of the proposed methodology and the effectiveness of the tool chain. Of particular interest is the verification of reactive systems modeling continuous dynamics. In the future, we plan to systematically investigate the combination of symbolic model checking techniques for the effective construction of the state space to scale up quantitative and probabilistic analyses. 

The problem presented in this paper results fix>m the observation that tqr providing the presently used safety aiuilysis methods with formal semantics a number of ambiguities can be removed and a possibility of misinteipretation severely reduced. It is also e q>ected that tty integrating (through a common semantics base) a nuniber of existing safety analysis techniques the combined effect of their application can well exceed the simple sum of their individual effects. The paper introduces the problem and presents some steps towards its solution. Some other results in this direction have been recently published by other outhors [10]. Much more work is necessary, however. The research will be continued in association with the SHIP (Safety of Hazardous Industrial Processes) project curried out under the Enviromnent programme supported by the Commission of EC. 

Hazard analysis (HA) A generic term describing a whole collection of techniques whose combined strengths have a good chance of revealing most of the hazards. The techniques chosen depend upon the industry, stage of the project, the information available and the complexity and criticality of the equipment. 

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