Project Chronology

Grimwood, J. M. and Hacker, B. C. 1969. Project Gemini Technology and operations a chronology (part 1). Washington, D.G. Scientific and Technical Information Office, NASA. 

Of course, there is much debate about time travel in the context of travel to the past. Stephen Hawking formulated the Chronology Projection Conjecture, which, if correct, would seem to rule out travel to the past. 

I owe the courage to proceed with the project to the enthusiasm of many graduate students and the intellectual support, over the years, of several fellow scientists, in alphabetical rather than chronological order Peter Comba, Rob Hancock, Demetrius Levendis, Casper Schutte, Pete Wedepohl and the two prematurely deceased, Amatz Meyer and Carl Pistorius. I acknowledge the helpful interest of Robin Crewe, Director of the Unit for Advanced Study at the University of Pretoria. 

The design of instrument applications is an interactive process centered around an instrument schedule and process data. The instrument application design process is shown diagrammatically in Appendix 23B and its chronological position, in relation to an overall project development life cycle, is presented in Appendix 23A. 

The relationship between Project Documentation and current infrastructure status documentation needs to be considered. Projects delivering new applications will often develop Infrastructure Specifications defining new and modified infrastructure components. The information from Infrastructure Specifications must be migrated into operational documentation that shows the overall and current status of the infrastructure otherwise it will only be possible to demonstrate the current status from a chronological history of specifications and change control records. 

If one worker requires ten days to perform one activity, it may be argued that ten workers could perform it in one day. Unfortunately, that is not the case in project execution all projects involve hundreds, even thousands, of activities, many of which must be performed sequentially. If the activities to be performed in ten days were ten sequential ones instead of a single activity, ten workers could not perform them in one day. More likely, they would perform them in three or four days expending thirty or forty man-days instead of ten. The shortest possible schedule is dictated by the longest string of sequential activities as well as the minimum chronological time and labor hours required to perform each one. The duration of the construction effort is dependent on a number of factors ... 

A chronological approach is good for evaluation of past work (e.g. the development of the concept of aromaticity), whereas a step-by-step comparison might be best for certain exam questions (e.g. Discuss the differences between solid phase and Soxhlet extraction in the analysis of pesticides ). There is little choice about structure for practical and project reports (see Chapter 52). 

Figure 10 Compilation of all available alkenone estimates of cooling of ocean surface temperatures at the LGM relative to the late Holocene. The estimates have been projected onto the sine of latitude to approximately compensate for the distribution of ocean surface area from the equator to the poles. Note that the Ice Age anomalies are much stronger at mid and high latitudes than in the tropics. Scatter at any given latitude reflects variability in the quality of the chronological control used to assign the LGM level in alkenone time series, but also includes an important contribution from real heterogeneity of cooling at the LGM.

A bibliography of all project reports and memos should be assembled, including the development and validation reports. Ideally, the project leader should maintain a file in chronological order of all communications and reports. Compiling the file into a bibliography is a tedious task but one that, should the need to answer a question arise, will be well worth the effort. Product... 

For the purposes of this discussion, we will assume that the project objectives are known, that priority has been established, that there are sufficient amounts of raw materials to carry out the investigations and that initial analytical procedures have been developed. A fundamental point that must be kept in mind throughout the early stages is that for New Chemical Entities (NCEs) the toxicological profile will not normally have been established at the preformulation stage. It is of paramount importance, therefore, to take all due precautions throughout the study. The preformulation study has several distinct phases (in approximate chronological order) ... 

There are two noteworthy exceptions to this chronology. First, some chemical research to improve the manufacturing synthesis continues indefinitely when a successful medicine remains in a product line for decades. The second exception concerns the early involvement of development chemists in what hitherto had been exclusively a discovery project. 

On some projects, producers pitch their stories at in-house development meetings, not once but several times as the film or series take shape. We did this during the planning of I ll Make Me a World A Century of African-American Arts. Rather than survey 100 years worth of dance, theatre, visual art, literature, and more, the six-hour historical series presented two or three stories per hour arranged in a way that moved forward chronologically. The century s thematic arc, revealed in our research, helped producers and project advisors decide which stories best exemplified a particular era, and we were careful to include a range of artists and art forms. Here is the pitch for one of three stories, called "Nobody" for the purpose of quick reference (but not titled on screen), that was to be included in the series second hour, Without Fear or Shame. 

FIGURE 9.5 Histogram of the average Pareto rank binned by the chronologically ordered date of experiment. The Pareto rank reaches lower (=better) values as the project proceeded in time (2004-2007), demonstrating that optimization was effective overall however, the candidate compound was a Pareto suboptimal solution. 

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