Programming Efficiency

Another obvious advantage that the LG method typically enjoys over floating-point methods is one of programming efficiency. Because LG dynamics are a natural transcription of the kinetic processes taking place on the micro-lattice, the actual program code is generally concise and straightforward, and often amounts to little more than a few dozen lines of FORTRAN. 

Finally, we should mention that the stability of a running program itself is never really an issue for LG simulations, unlike that for floating-point methods for which certain (sometimes unforeseen) conditions can lead to serious software crashes. 

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A method is outlined by which it is possible to calculate exactly the behavior of several hundred interacting classical particles. The study of this many-body problem is carried out by an electronic computer which solves numerically the simultaneous equations of motion. The limitations of this numerical scheme are enumerated and the important steps in making the program efficient on the computer are indicated. The applicability of this method to the solution of many problems in both equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics is discussed. 

Pharmaceutical and healthcare companies and suppliers are faced with the task of balancing increased programming efficiency offered by reuse and the potential hazards reuse may incur. It has been suggested that the reuse of small amounts of software can acmally introduce more problems than writing the whole application from scratch because the new software must fit around the reused software. To reap the dividend of reuse, it has been recommended that at least 70% of a program... 

In designing a complex parallel program, it is useful to think of any parallel computer in terms of a NUMA model in which all memory, anywhere in the system, can be accessed by any processor as needed. One can then focus independently on the questions of memory access methods (which determine coding style for an application) and memory access costs (which ultimately determine program efficiency). 

System software is intended to control the hardware resources of a computer system to provide useful functionality for the user. For example, an operating system tries to optimize the use of resources such as processor, memory, and input-output devices to enable users to run various programs efficiently. A database system tries to maximize the use of memory and disk resources to allow different users to access data concurrently. 

Many linear programming efficiency tests proposed in the literature are (maybe intentionally) formulated in absurd ways equations without variables, variables that do not appear anywhere in the constraints, linear combinations, useless equations, and so on. 

Targeting is a tool policy makers sometimes employ to make a program efficient. It is not an end in itself How much to target and how to do so depend on program-specific answers as to whether the gains outweigh the costs. 

This case illustrates the substantial Improvements in program efficiency that can be achieved by evaluating its design and implementation. In 2002, the social protection administration of Arzamas introduced a pilot one-window approaoh for providing social assistance benefits. The old system consisted of 10 benefits, 7 of them means tested, administered by 4 different agenoies. The table shows what kinds of information needed to be verified for the three major benefits and clearly reveals the extent of duplication and the possibilities for harmonization. 

The success of any voucher program hinges on the logistical arrangements made with merchants for redeeming the value of the vouchers (Harvey 2005). A programs efficiency will be seriously affected if merchants are not reimbursed for the vouchers they have accepted or if they are not reimbursed in a timely fashion. The program will also have to address the issue of vouchers that are not completely spent when they are redeemed. 

One of the main benefits of the standard is that it allows multiple languages to be used within the same PLC. This allows the program developer to select the language best suited to each particular task. It also facilitates the production of modular and structured programs which, in turn, reduces errors and increases programming efficiency. These are significant advantages where software is used in safety applications. 

WSC software designers must also be able to cope with failures. Two server crashes per year may not sound particularly damaging, but if the system rurts on 5,000 servers it will see approximately one failure every hour. Programming efficient WSC workloads requires handling complex performance trade-offs and creating reliable systems in the face of high failure rates. 

The ACF shortlist, an abbreviated form of which is shown in Figure 12, contains many more invalid than valid ACFs,. (Based on the molecular formula, the valid ACF set for this problem, which is ultimately produced by the structure generator COCOA, contains exactly 22 ACFs.) In the hands of an experienced chemist or spectroscopist so inclined, there may be opportunities for some simple editing of the PRUNE-generated ACF shortlist that can, at times, improve program efficiency and decrease the number of plausible candidates generated. 

Under current feeding programs, efficiency of utilization of dietary proteins for animal growthremains suboptimal. For example, in 14-day-old pigs reared by sows and 30-day-old pigs weaned at 21 days of age, 70% and 55% of dietary amino acids are deposited in body proteins, respectively (Wu et al.,... 

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