Progestogen combined oral

Table 1. Low Dose Monophasic Estrogen—Progestogen Combination Oral Contraceptives Marketed in the United States...

Estrogen/progestogen combinations, oral conjugated estrogens/ medroxyprogesterone ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone acetate mestranol/norethindrone... 

The continuous combined oral estrogen-progestogen arm of the Women s Health Initiative (WHI) study was terminated prematurely after a mean of 5.2-year follow-up because of the occurrence of a prespecified level of invasive breast cancer. The study also found increased coronary disease events, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. Beneficial effects included decreases in hip fracture and colorectal cancer. 

Systemic oral and transdermal estrogen and progestogen combination products are available in the United States. Systemic oral estrogen and androgen combination products are available in the United States. cNot available in the United States. 

Women taking estrogen or estrogen-progestogen combined therapy are at increased risk for cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and cholecystectomy. Transdermal estrogen is an alternative to oral therapy for women at high risk for cholelithiasis. 

Combined oral contraceptives are less likely to be associated with irregular vaginal bleeding than progestogen-only contraceptives. However, they are... 

Levonorgestrel is a progestogen derivative. It is found either in combined oral contraceptives coupled with an oestrogen derivative or alone in progestogen-only contraceptives. 

Ethynodiol diacetate Synthetic progestogen Component of many combined oral contraceptives. Progesterone replacement therapy... 

Wu FC, Balasubramanian R, Mulders TM, Coelingh-Bennink HJ. Oral progestogen combined with testosterone as a potential male contraceptive additive effects between... 

Up to 10% of pregnancies among users of progestogen-only contraceptives implant outside the uterus this is not greatly different to the ectopic pregnancy rate in unprotected women, but it is much higher than among users of adequate combined oral contraception (292). The reasons... 

In an 8-year follow-up of Swedish children whose mothers used combined oral contraceptives while breastfeeding, there were no negative effects on health, growth, or development (306). It should be realized that the hormonal content of natural human milk and cows milk is not negligible. If hormonal contraception is to be used during lactation, it would be sensible to prefer low-dose progestogens rather than combinations with estrogens they are not the most effective contraceptives, but probably sufficient to supplement the contraceptive effect of lactation itself and they are unlikely to inhibit lactation. 

Chambers DM, Jefferson GC, Chambers M, Loudon NB. Antipyrine elimination in saliva after low-dose combined or progestogen-only oral contraceptive steroids. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982 13(2) 229-32. 

There is a disputed effect on carbohydrate metabolism, but it is at most mild and there is certainly no precipitation of diabetes in healthy women. Carbohydrate metabolism was unaffected by medroxyprogesterone in one study in which there was modest impairment of glucose tolerance among users of levonorgestrel-containing, low-dose combined oral contraceptives and progestogen-only tablets (18). 

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