Production, Uses and Releases

In 2007, a survey on production and uses of SCCPs was undertaken in the framework of the United Nations Economic Comission for Europe (UNECE) POPs Protocol [9]. Based on the available data from the EU, Switzerland, Canada and the USA, production of SCCPs in the UNECE region was estimated to range from 7,500 tons per year to 11,300 tons per year (Table 4). According to the EU Risk Assessment Report, in 1994 SCCPs were manufactured within the EU by two producers, at a total quantity of 15,000 tons per year [8]. According to the updated draft Risk Assessment Report from August 2005 [10], SCCPs were produced by 

SCCPs were produced in Slovakia. Within the last years, a decrease in production volume could be observed while in 2004,560 tons were produced per year, the volume decreased to 354 tons per year in 2005 and 380 tons per year in 2006. For 2007, further decrease of production is anticipated in Slovakia. According to national answers to the UNECE questionnaire, production had stopped in Germany in 1995 and in Belgium. Switzerland never produced SCCPs [9]. 

The volume of SCCP produced in Russia, Taiwan and Brazil is unknown. 67,727 tons per year in metal works in eastern European UNECE countries is taken into account however, additional production in the UNECE region may exist. 

China began its CPs production at the end of 1950s. In 1980s, the production of CPs increased rapidly due to the high demand from the plastics industry. Whereas in the early 1980s, annual production of CPs was only a few thousand tonnes in China, the production increased to about 600,000 tonnes in 2007. It seems that currently, China is the largest producer in the world and the number of CP factories in China is more than 140. The time trend of CP production in China is shown in Fig. 1 [11-13]. 

380 tons per year were used for metalworking in 1994. These amounts were reduced significantly in 1998 (2,018 tons per year). Other uses include paints, adhesives and sealants, leather fat liquors, plastics and rubber, flame retardants and textiles and polymeric materials (Table 6). The amounts of SCCPs used in the EU were reduced from 13,208 tons per year to 4,075 tons per year for all uses in 1994 and 1998, respectively. Since 2002, the use of SCCPs in the EU in metalworking and fat liquoring of leathers has been subject to restrictions under EU Directive 2002/45/EC. 

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In 2001, more than 90 countries signed an international treaty, the Stockholm Convention, agreeing to reduce or eliminate the production, use and release of 12 POPs. Both China and the... 

Production, Import/Export, Use, Release, and Disposal. The available production, use, and release information for HDl is insufiBcient to determine the amoimt of HDl that may be present in the environment. There is a need for data on HDl production and import/export volmnes. The potential for... 

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