Production statistics starch

The following characterization of starch crops describes maize, potatoes, wheat, and other cereals in more detail. Another significant source for starch is rice. However, cultivation is both technically and traditionally concentrated in Asia, so rice is mainly imported into Europe as food and so far does not play a role as renewable raw material (for rice straw, see Section 4.2.2.4). Table 4.3 gives an overview for selected starch crops in terms of characteristics and production statistics. 

Table 4.3 Overview characteristics and production statistics of selected starch crops. 

For a two-level factorial design, only two excipients can be selected for each factor. However, for the filler-binder, a combination of brittle and plastic materials is preferred for optimum compaction properties. Therefore, different combinations such as lactose with MCC or mannitol with starch can count as a single factor. Experimental responses can be powder blend flowability, compactibility, blend uniformity, uniformity of dose unit, dissolution, disintegration, and stability under stressed storage conditions. The major advantage of using a DOE to screen prototype formulations is that it allows evaluation of all potential factors simultaneously, systematically, and efficiently. It helps the scientist understand the effect of each formulation factor on each response, as well as potential interaction between factors. It also helps the scientist identify the critical factors based on statistical analysis. DOE results can define a prototype formulation that will meet the predefined requirements for product performance stability and manufacturing. 

Recent trends in the paper industry have had an impact on starch supplies. The implementation of statistical process control has led to more awareness that the production of high-quality paper grades depends on the use of high-quality materials. As a consequence, there is increased emphasis on acceptance specifications for starch supplies according to ISO guidelines and more rigorous testing in order to ensure consistently uniform quality. 

Conversion of sweet potato to starch should be especially attractive to developing countries because it can help to lessen the need for imported materials, which reduces import bills (Garcia and Walter, 1998). For example, sweet potato accounted for 26% of starch production in Asia, and the global SPS production of 4.15 million metric tonnes in the early 1990s came from Asia (Ostertag, 1993). SPS is widely used in a variety of food and industrial applications in Asia (Tian et al, 1991). An industry based on SPS extraction has been developed in several regions in China (Li et al, 1991) and may account for more than two million tonnes annually, but the statistics are not quite precise (Wheatley and Bofu, 2000). The starch is utilized primarily... 

The global demand for bioplastics was estimated at 0.36 million tonnes, which is equivalent to 0.2 % of the annual petrochemical plastic production (Thompson et al. 2009). PHA accounted for about 10 % of the bioplastic market which is currently dominated by poly(lactic acid) and other starch-based biopolymers (Barker et al. 2009). Based on the statistics, in order to fulfill the PHA market demand... 

It is well known that the nucleophilic displacement reactions at tosylated polysaccharides are limited or at least mainly directed towards the primary positions . Therefore, our interest was focused on 6-0-tosyl starch samples with DStos 1- One suitable synthesis path is the protection of 0-2 and the subsequent tosylation. A useful protecting group may be the acetyl ester function. It was recently found that in contrast to conventional esterification processes of starch with acetic anhydride, which leads to a statistic distribution of the ester groups, an acetylation of starch dissolved in DMSO with acetic acid vinyl ester in the presence of sodium chloride yields 2-0-acetyl starch of varying DSac from 0.1 to 1.0. The functionalisation patterns of these new starch products were unambiguously proved by means of various NMR measurements including two dimensional methods . 

NMR as a moisture-sensing method still remains important and new devices are being developed, as are new multivariate statistical approaches to data analysis. NMR has been used to relate the hardness of cooked rice and starch-based products " to water mobility and to understand more about the freezing process. ... 

US corn production in 2003 passed the level of 10 billion bushels (560 billion kg) and from 1970 to 2000 the bnshels per acre increased from 80 to 140 (4480 to 7840 kg) (National Agricultural Statistics Service, USD A). In Europe (15 member states) corn starch production in 2001 was 8.4 million tons. 

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