Production Programmable electronic system

How a product is specified, designed, reviewed and tested has an impact on its suitability to perform safety related tasks. There is an analogy here with PES (Programmable Electronic Systems), for which ISO 61508 asks for justification for die level of rigour applied to development activities. In that context, for sensitive applications, the need for formal methods is to be considered. Although considered, the need for formal methods has been discounted for the ciurent range of Trust applications. 

Two specific individuals should also be acknowledged for significant contri-butions.C. W. Thurston of Union Carbide for assistance in the preparation of the subsection on programmable electronic systems (Section 6.3) and G. K. Lee of Air Products and Chemicals who assisted in the preparation of the subsections... 

Programmable electronic systems are being used more and more to control industrial production machines. 

A flexible manufacturing system ( FMS) is a reprogrammable manufacturing system capable of producing a variety of products automatically (Chryssolouris 2005). An FMS employs programmable electronic controls that, in some cases, can be set up for random parts sequences without incurring any setup time between parts. Inside FMSs, the production components require adaptability to a variety of product... 

The lEC 61508 is a generic standard for elec-trical/electronic/programmable electronic (E/E/PE) safety-related systems. It should be applied from the concept rmtil the disposal or decommissioning of the product if a possible failure of a system can lead to hazards for humans and/or the environment. During this product life cycle the application of the lEC 61508 is ordered using an overall safety lifecycle. The standard is a generic standard and thus is used to derive domain specific standards as described in section 1. 

Developers of microprocessor-based systems are interested in cost, performance, power consumption, and ease of programmabihty. The latter of these is, perhaps, the most important element in bringing a product to market quickly. A key item in the ease of programmability is availability of program development tools because it is these that save a great deal of time in small system implementation and make life a lot easier for the developer. It is not unusual to find small electronic systems driven by microcontrollers and... 

Modern factory and industrial automation is more flexible and open and meant towards higher productivity. These systems replace conventional relay or solid state control systems, with extensive use of open programmable electronics in all types of scalable and demanding solutions. Modem safety integrated safety-related controllers of various designs with a variety of hardware and software architectures, including PC-based solutions, cover all sectors and types of factory automations. Associated standards for factory automations are ... 

In most cases, mass-produced electrical, electronic or programmable electronic products and other devices and intercoimections that are often used to assemble an EPS catmot be expected to have EM emissions and/or immunity characteristics that are adequate for all of the possible EM enviromnents that an EPS might experience. Therefore, it is inqjorlant to recognise that EM and/or physical mitigation measures, applied at the level of the equipment, system and/or installation, are often an effective way to achieve the required characteristics for the target level of safety risk. 

Today, pharmaceutical companies are linking CDS to business systems such as SAP, chemical structure databases, electronic laboratory notebooks, and corporate data warehousing solutions. Many commonly used software products utilize COM Automation (Microsoft s Component Object Model) to provide a powerful array of programmable objects that allow seamless connections between applications. 

Within the framework of assembly rationalization, electronics almost has a double effect (Figure 5). In the first step, efficient assembly solutions can be built up by electronically controlled systems with programmable controllers and sensors. In the second step, the assembly task can be completely replaced by an electronically provided function. Examples are the replacement of electromechanicd fluorescent lamp starters by an electronic solution and, on a long-term basis, the replacement of technically complex letter-sorting installations by purely electronic communication via global computer networks. Not only does the replacing electromechanical solutions with electronic functional carriers reduce assembly expenditure, but electronics production can be automated more efficiently. In many cases, the functionality and thus the customer benefit can be increased by the transition to entirely electronic solutions. 

Barrel (BBL) a barrel has traditionally been the standard liquid quantity of measurement in the petroleum industry for the production of oil. One barrel of oil equak 42 US gallons Basic Process Control System (BPCS) electronic, hydraulic, pneumatic, or programmable instruments and mechanisms that monitor and/or operate a facility or system to achieve a desired function, i.e., flow control, temperature regulation, etc., which are supervised by human observation... 

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