Production of Cane Sugar

Clarification and neutralization of the iruldly acidic, raw extract (pH 4.8—5.0) is done by treatment with lime or lime and carhon dioxide. Further processing of the clarified pure syrup parallels that of sugar beet processing. The yield of raw cane sugar is 6-11% of the cane weight. The bagasse is used as fuel, made into wall-board or used as insulation. 

Sucrose is packaged in paper, jute or linen sacks, in cardboard boxes, paper bags or cones, in glass containers and in polyethylene foils the latter serving as lining in paper, jute or wooden containers. 

Sugar is stored at a relative humidity of 65—70% in loose form in bins or by stacking the paper or jute sacks. The unbagged, loose or bulk sugar is distributed to industry and wholesalers in bins on trucks or rail freight cars. 

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This is partially inverted refiner s syrup from the production of cane sugar. It is sometimes used in toffees and can be regarded as being the same as adding brown invert sugar. 

The isolation of beet sugar will be described first because the processes used in material preparation and sugar separation have been developed to perfection. These processes were later transferred to the production of cane sugar from the clear juice concentration stage onwards. In fact, cane sugar was processed fairly primitively for a long time. 

Production of cane sugar in 1999/2000 is estimated at 95.4 X 10 mt (- sucrose world market). The major producing countries are in Central and South America (Brazil) as well as in Asia (India) (- sucrose world market). 

Sugar Processing. Dispersants are used in the production of cane and beet sugar to increase the time between evaporator clean outs. Typical scales encountered include calcium sulfate, calcium oxalate, calcium carbonate, and silica. Dispersants are fed at various points in the process to prevent scale buildup, which would interfere with efficient heating of the vessels. Only certain dispersants, conforming to food additive regulations, can be used, since a small amount of the dispersant may be adsorbed on the sugar crystals. 

In classical examples of kinetics, such as the hydrolysis of cane sugar by acids in water solution, the reaction takes hours to approach completion. Therefore Whilhelmy (1850) could study it successfially one and a half centuries ago. Gone are those days. What is left to study now are the fast and strongly exothermic or endothermic reactions. These frequently require pressure equipment, some products are toxic, and some conditions are explosive, so the problems to be solved will be more difficult. All of them require better experimental equipment and techniques. 

Fio. 2.—Typical process flowchart for (A) production of raw sugar at a cane factory (or mill), and (B) production of white cane sugar at the cane refinery. Note Variations occur from company to company extensive recycling is not shown. 

Sugar cane wax is an interesting by-product of the sugar industry and one which has for the most part been neglected. It occurs in the so-called factory mud, which is usually discarded. It has been shown, however, that extraction of the wax is possible and that the product can be resolved into a fatty substance and a wax proper. The mud is extracted with benzene and the crude wax resolved into a pure wax and a fatty portion which is soluble in cold acetone. Indian workers have preferred to use an initial extraction with petroleum ether and to purify the extract by treatment with nitric acid. Alternatively the wax may be extracted directly from the expressed juice before the latter is processed for sucrose manufacture. The wax is of good quality approaching that... 

Finally some mention should be made of the production of yeast for food since this utilizes large quantities of cane sugar. At the present... 

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