Residues avoidance

S. F. Sundlof, J. E. Riviere, and A. L. Craigmill, Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) Trade Name File, A Comprehensive Compendium ofi Food Animal Drugs, University of Florida, Gainsvihe, 1988. 

Within the framework of the Residue Avoidance Program, producers have also had much success in implementing preventive measures to address the problem of drug residues at the animal production level. As a result of these efforts, animals such as bob veal calves, cull dairy cows, and market hogs, which were singled out by the FDA to be a major problem just a few years ago, are not of concern regarding drug residues any more. 

Another information database that originated with the Residue Avoidance Program in 1982 is the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). 

This is a multistate collaborative effort funded by the US Department of Agriculture Extension Service as a repository of residue avoidance information and educational materials. FARAD has evolved into an expert-mediated residue avoidance decision support system, and its focus is the production of safe food of animal origin (5). 

In the years immediately ahead, maximum use will be made of residue avoidance and cooperative residue programs directed toward generic prevention of problems through appropriate controls at all critical stages of production. Such programs are expected to address the public health problem with the best weapons... 

G.W. Meyerholz, in Agriculture Programs, Livestock and Veterinary Sciences, Residue Avoidance Program Summary, US Department of Agriculture Extension Service, Office of the Administrator, Washington, DC (1983). 

FARAD is a collative effort between the USD A, FDA, and three universities (North Carolina State University, University of Florida, and University of California, Davis). It was authorized by Congress in 1998 and is sanctioned to provide these withdrawal time estimates to the USP (Public Law 105-185). ° Numerous sources of residue avoidance information (including proprietary information provided by drug sponsors) are collected and reviewed by residue experts to insure accuracy and consistency. 

Whenever possible, veterinarians should use approved products. If there is no suitable approved product, then agents approved for use in other species may be used in horses as long as there is a valid veterinarian-client-animal relationship. The veterinarian must be available in the case of treatment failure or adverse reactions and must be able to provide information on the withdrawal time prior to slaughter or competition. For information on withdrawal periods, veterinarians should consult a database such as the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) in the USA (Riviere et al 1998). FARAD centers are being established worldwide. Drug withdrawal times for performance horses will vary between sports and countries. The governing body of a particular discipline should be consulted for the appropriate current guidelines. 

J.E. Riviere, A.L. Craigmill, S.F. Sundlof. The Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) An Automated Pharmacologic Databank for Drug and Chemical Residue Avoidance. /ozh z a/ of Food Protection, Vol. 49, pgs 826-830,1986. 

J.E. Riviere. Pharmacologic Principles of Residue Avoidance for the Practitioner. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol 198, pgs. 809-816,1991. 

Prenylation. Prenyltributylstannane is activated by conversion to the tertiary dimethyIallyl)dichloroborane on reaction with BCl,. Prenylation of ketones and indole (at C-2) is readily achieved. The method is crucial for the synthesis of tryprostatin-B. It is mportant that the dichloroborane be trapped immediately. This prevents it from attaining equilibrium, and, therefore, the generation of regioisomers (with respect to the allyl residue) - avoided. 

As discussed below, various residue detection programs are in use. All are designed to minimize the incidence of non-compliant residues. In the matter of prevention, the role of the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) should be noted. FARAD is a USDA-supported computerized databank, established in 1982, with the objective of minimizing residue violations, through the collection, collation, and dissemination of information relevant... 

Craigmill AL, Miller GR, Gehring R, Pierce AN, Riviere JE, Meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic data of veterinary drugs using the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank Oxytetracycline and procaine peniciUin G, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004 27 343-353. 

Wang J, Gehring R, Baynes RE, Webb AI, Whitford C, Payne MA, Fitzgerald K, Craigmill AL, Riviere JE, Evaluation of the advisory services provided by the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2003 223 1596-1598. 

In a conrotatory motion, the two inner Ph residues avoid one another, in a disrotatory motion they colhde. 

Note Often a lot of unused food is thrown away (Chapter 7, Section 4.1.2), which should be avoided. In contrast, food preparation residues such as potato peels and vegetable trunks are considered as not avoidable. In case of meal residues avoidable fractions mainly occur in case of too big portions. The avoidable fractions should not be considered as bioresources. However, if generated, they should be included in reuse chains, but priority should be given to avoidance measures. 

Reagent for Amino Group Protection. The Bsmoc group was recommended for protection of the a-amino function of amino acids. Such Bsmoc amino acids are useful substitutes for Fmoc amino acids for solid phase and especially rapid continuous solution syntheses of peptides. Deblocking by lower concentrations of piperidine than required for the Fmoc residue avoids base-induced side reactions. An example involves the assembly of pentapeptide 1. ... 

---