Color distribution

With few exceptions, thermoplastics are marketed in the form of pellets. They are shipped in containers of various sizes, from 25-kg bags to railroad hopper cars. Resins are conveyed to silos for storage and from there to the processing equipment. Colored resins are available, but frequentiy it is more convenient and economical to buy uncolored resins and blend them with color concentrates. Using concentrates avoids handling dusty pigments and ensures uniform color distribution. 

Shade Stains. These stains are usually applied after the sealer or first topcoat and are typically sprayed on specific areas to compensate for uneven color distribution during the initial finishing process. For instance, perhaps the gla2e was wiped too clean on an edge. Rather than going back to restain or gla2e that small area, the finisher can spray a small amount of this shade stain on the desired area and achieve the same result in a fraction of the time. 

Furches, B. and Bozzelli, ]., Screw Design Efficiency in Color Distributive Mixing with ABS Resins, SPE ANTEC Tech. Papers, 33, 6 (1987)... 

Swain and Ballard have proposed a method called histogram intersection to compare two color distributions. Let /// be the histogram of the input image. Let Hm be the histogram of the model object. The given histogram is compared to the histogram of the model... 

Healey G and Slater D 1994 Global color constancy recognition of objects by use of illumination-invariant properties of color distributions. Journal of the Optical Society of America 11(11), 3003-3010. 

Fig. 8.13. Dual-color distribution of BrdU versus DNA content for Chinese hamster cells pulsed with BrdU and then sampled hourly. From McNally and Wilson (1990).

In writing, compare the appearance of the objects plated at room temperature to those plated at a higher temperature. Discuss evenness, color, distribution of the copper, and any other observed properties. 

M 42] [P 39] In a slit-type interdigital micro mixer, first mufti-lamination patterns are created [20,124], Then, the multi-laminated stream is introduced into a chamber of larger cross-section. A jet is formed and induces two eddies in the dead zones adjacent to the initial channel (see Figure 1.97). Mixing is not completed within the chamber, as evidenced by the non-uniform color distribution. The contribution of the jet mixing to the total mixing is unclear. 

The simplest color sensing systems are responsible for monitoring only one color across a scene. These are typically used in quality control applications such as monitoring of paints, to ensure consistency between batches made at different times. More sophisticated color sensors look at the color distribution across a two-dimensional image. These systems are capable of complex analysis and can be used for checking multi-colored labels or for identifying multi-colored objects by their color patterns. 

FIGURE 6.15 Residual oil (darker color) distributions after glycerin flood and polymer flood (a) after glycerin flood, (b) after polymer flood, (c) after glycerin flood, and (d) after polymer flood. Source Niu et al. (2006). 

Fig. 5. Representation of a fraction of the pixels in the color distribution for the fish image. The large red circles represent the regions close to the two dominant colors of the image. The 8 blue circles represent the 8-color palette obtained for MSCL avoiding those dominant colors. MSCL uses three palette-colors for the orange colors of the fish, two colors for the white tones, and only three colors dedicated to the background colors (Color figure online).

F. Finches, J. Bozzelli. Screw design efficiency in color distributive mixing with abs resins. Technical Papers, vol. 33, pp. 6-9. Brookfield, CT SPE (1987). 

The red chromaticity coordinate is given by x, and the green chromaticity coordinate is given by y. The tristimulus values are linear in /(A) and thus the absolute intensity information has been lost in the calculation of the chromaticity coordinates x, y). AU color distributions, /(A), that appear to an observer as having the same color will have the same chromaticity coordinates. 

The color distribution in these chromaticity diagrams is not uniform, however, and it does not allow the direct evaluation of the quality of color changes. As a consequence, it is not possible to compare the qualities of color changes of the indicators, because the same distance has different physical meanings in different areas of the diagram. Further, complementary chromaticity data give no information about the ideal concentration for the use of the indicators. 

However, further optical and electrochemical characterization [24,25] indicate that the electrochromic process in LiyNiOx is still more complicated than the simple uptake of lithium ions in the host structure. In fact, during the first injected charge of 100 millicoulombs per square centimetre and per micron of film thickness (Q< lOOmC pm" ), an increase in transmittance (i.e. bleaching of the film) has been noticed [23]. However, if the amount of charge (and, thus of lithium injected) is increased above this limit, the LiyNiOx electrode shows a reverse behaviour, becoming progressively darker (upper part of Figure 8.7) with a coloration distribution which is not uniform but rather scattered in the form of isolated dark spots [24]. 

Objective color measurements have been performed in laboratories using colorimeters and spectrophotometers. Due to their low spatial resolution, conventional instruments are impractical for collecting large number of samples. Because only a few sanqiles can be collected to represent the product, the approach frequendy mis-represents food products that have non-uniform color distributions. 

---