Problems and Errors

CONSISTENCY OF MODEL PARAMETER ESTIMATES ACROSS COMPUTER PLATFORMS 

NONMEM is provided on either UNIX or DOS platform. Although no formal studies have been done, there is some data to suggest that different platforms may result in different population estimates. Frame et al. (2001) reported that in a population analysis, a particular model could not converge on the DOS platform due to either rounding errors or aborted covariance step, but could do so on the UNIX platform. Curiously, the parameter estimates for both platforms under the final converged model (UNIX) and model at this time of failure (DOS) were almost identical. 

Bonate (2002), with the help of many contributors, compared the consistency across users of five different models in NONMEM-reported parameter estimates and their standard errors. All users used NONMEM V on a personal (31/38, 81%), Unix (6/38, 16%), or Macintosh (1/38, 3%) computer. Ten different compilers were tested. In those models that optimized without errors, the estimates of the fixed effects and variance components were 100% consistent across users, although there were some small differences in the estimates of the standard error of the parameter estimates. Different compilers produced small differences in the estimates of the stand- 

Occurs during search for ETA at a nonzero value of ETA K21, or K31 is too close to an eigenvalue 

0 program terminated by FNLETA message issued from table step 

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For improved quality in the use of medications in the society and for the individual patients we need to identify problems and errors in structures and in processes to improve the outcome of care and to reduce errors (Donobedian 2003). In most... 

Fitting of model potentials to supermolecular interactions like in Eq. (3-1) has its disadvantages the calculations have to be repeated many times and a predefined analytical expression of the model potentials in terms of atomic parameters is required. These parameters are not easily transferred to other situations. The internal state of, e.g., system A depends on the presence of another system X, and this will be different near system Y. Furthermore, the chosen analytical form of the potential may give rise to problems and errors. For example, Hartree-Fock (HF) calculations fitted to a power series in 1/r suggest that the 1/r6 terms have to do with dispersion, which is not part of the HF energy. Finally, such empirical potentials are best for describing situations close to those to which the parameters are fitted. Whenever the situation is very different from that, the results will be doubtful. 

APhA has several affiliate organizations, and through the work of its Foundation and credentialing organizations, the Association has made a major commitment to research, quality measurement, and accountability. The APhA Foundation has sponsored and directed several significant research and demonstration projects to contribute to the body of evidence that pharmacists services enhance patient health-seeking behavior and improve outcomes. Research on quality measurement and the development of tools to reduce medication use problems and errors is a priority of the Foundation. 

Membranes can remove large amounts of NOM from waters. It is a challenge to correctiy measure the organic carbon in waters at very low levels and prior to the purchase of an instrument several instruments were compared. Once a choice was made, the instrument was optimised and extensively tested for potential problems and errors. 

The preceding discussion suggests that problems and errors in the laboratory can be identified by an effective combination of the following activities ... 

Beta Testing—Usually performed subsequent to alpha testing, a number of typical customers receive the product, use it in their own environment and then problems and errors are reported to the developer. 

Total Quality Management a management philosophy focusing on perpetual process enhancement through the prevention of problems and errors continual monitoring and control of processes, performance, and quality the placing of the customer at the hub of attention as well as a sense of awareness, commitment, and involvement on the part of management all the workers, the customers, and suppliers. 

The most common problems and errors found in SOPs are summarized in the following list ... 

When an organization reaches its limits, risks escalate, problems and errors keep emerging, solutions become ineffective or they lag, and threats grow more ominous. Individuals are more likely to err and their errors are more likely to go undetected and uncorrected. Such problems may not be blatant and obvious they can manifest themselves in inefficiency, deviations from expected performance, and dysfunctional outcomes such as fraud, unethical acts, and employee burnout. NASA shows how talented and intelligent people with plentiful resources and laudable goals can find themselves in trouble when their organization reaches or exceeds the limits of organizing. 

The systematic errors associated with the delivery of energy via electric leads in the course of specific heat capacity determinations can be eliminated by the application of a contactless energy supply. But here the exact determination of the energy introduced brings new problems and error sources. Moreover, this approach does not eliminate the errors caused by heat leakage associated with the sample mount and with the measurement of the sample temperature. 

New Behaviors Directness, openness, honesty, commitment to the success of others, willingness to acknowledge problems and errors. 

The virtually unlimited lifetime of the KR makes it a reliable and stable preconcentration system. Comparative studies have demonstrated that with KR the preconcentration efficiencies are higher than for serpentine 8-shaped reactors (SR) (i.e. from 4 to 36 and from 3 to 12, for the KR and SR, respectively). Nonetheless, this method has limitations, including blank problems and errors induced as a result of different complexation efficiencies for analytes present in different chemical forms (e.g. oxidation states). ... 

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