Universal probes

A.J. Niklasson, Ultrasonic 3D Probe Modeling in Anisotropic Solids, Tech. Report 1995 8, Div. Mech., Chalmers University of Technology (1995). 

G. S. Selwyn and M. C. Lin, Lasers as Reactants and Probes in Chemistry, Howard University Press, Washington, DC, 1985. 

Wiesendanger R 1994 Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy Methods and Appiications (New York Cambridge University Press)... 

The mechanisms by which nucleophilic substitution takes place have been the subject of much study Extensive research by Sir Christopher Ingold and Edward D Hughes and their associates at University College London during the 1930s emphasized kinetic and stereochemical measurements to probe the mechanisms of these reactions... 

DOCK ligand dockiag/active site probe tool I. D. Kunt2 at University of California, San... 

Pressure Measurement Although successful pressure-measurement probes or taps have been fabricated by using porous materials, the most universally accepted pressure tap consists of a purged tube projecting into the bed as nearly vertic ly as possible. Minimum internal diameters are 1 to 2 cm (V2 to 1 in). A purge rate of at least 0.9 m/s (3 ft/s) is usually required. Pressure measurements taken at various heights in the bed are used to determine bed level. 

Jackson, C.J., Alignment Using Water Stands and Eddy-Current Proximity Probes, Proceedings of the 9tli Turbomacliinery Symposium, Texas A M University, pp. 137-146, 1980. 

Scanning probe microscopy is a forefront technology that is well established for research in surface physics. STM and SFM are now emerging ftom university laboratories and gaining acceptance in several industrial markets. For topographic analysis and profilometry, the resolution and three-dimensional nature of the data is... 

R. Castaing. Application of Electron Probes to Local Chemical and Crystallographic Analysis. Ph.D. thesis. University of Paris, 1951. 

R. Wiesendangeh Seanning probe mieroseopy and spectroseopy. Methods and applieations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994. 

Zisman s plot cos 6 varies linearly with yi,. Zzisman = Predicts critical surface tension linearity does not hold universally y depends on probe liquids. [73-76]... 

Probing the Active Sites of Enzymes with Conformationally Restricted Substrate Analogs. BY G. L. KENYON AND J. A. FEE, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California. 381... 

Hiroshi Fukumura received his M.Sc and Ph.D. degrees from Tohoku University, Japan. He studied biocompatibility of polymers in the Government Industrial Research Institute of Osaka from 1983 to 1988. He became an assistant professor at Kyoto Institute of Technology in 1988, and then moved to the Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University in 1991, where he worked on the mechanism of laser ablation and laser molecular implantation. Since 1998, he is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Tohoku University. He received the Award of the Japanese Photochemistry Association in 2000, and the Award for Creative Work from The Chemical Society Japan in 2005. His main research interest is the physical chemistry of organic molecules including polymeric materials studied with various kinds of time-resolved techniques and scanning probe microscopes. 

W. Van Borm, Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Particles by Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis and Receptor Models. Doctoral Thesis, University of Antwerp, 1989. 

Fig. 2.1.15 Schematic (left) and photograph (right) of the 750 MHz four-coil probe (courtesy of A. Purea, T. Neuberger, A. C. Webb, Institute of Physics, University of Wuerzburg, Germany).

Miller, M.K., Cerezo, A., Fletherington, M.G. Smith, G.D.W. (1996) Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 

The strategy for the development of the oral absorption model at pION is illustrated in Fig. 7.58. The human jejunal permeabilities reported by Winiwarter et al. [56] were selected as the in vivo target to simulate by the in vitro model. In particular, three acids, three bases and two nonionized molecules studied by the University of Uppsala group were selected as probes, as shown in Fig. 7.58. They are listed in the descending order of permeabilities in Fig. 7.58. Most peculiar in the ordering is that naproxen, ketoprofen, and piroxicam are at the top of the list, yet these three acids are ionized under in vivo pH conditions and have lipophilicity (log Kj) values near or below zero. The most lipophilic molecules tested, verapamil and carbamazepine... 

Figure 8,10 illustrates the general configuration for testing a film s puncture resistance. We can perform this test in a number of ways. The probe may be attached to the crosshead of a universal testing machine, similar to the one illustrated in Fig. 8.3. We drive the probe down through the film at a constant speed, while recording the force. Alternatively, we can perform an impact puncture test, in a similar fashion to impact plaque testing.

Wiesendanger, R. (1994) Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 

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