Probe circles

To define K, M, and X, see inequality Eq. (42), we need to define the following procedure. First the plot, Figure 2.8 below, displays the dashed test circle C with the center etest marked with a cross. In addition we have so-called probe circles Cp(e, Me)) defined by the eigenvalue relation... 

If we select e = etest, then the bound, (42), is given by the product M(C)k(e) since K(C,e) is 1. In general one might select a probe circle centered at a different point, i.e., with Ae = e — etestl, which amounts to determining the average value of the reciprocal distance from a point inside the test circle to... 

Figure 2.9 Display of the ichthyoidal construction for a dashed test circle C centered at s = eres. For the point on C with the smallest excluded region circle, the corresponding probe circles on the inner and outer ichthyoid are shown. Published with permission from Phys. Rev. A.

Figure 10-3. Tinic-rcsolved pholoinduccil transmission changes in PPV probed at 560 nm lor dillcrenl photon eneigies (460 nm open circles, 480 nm solid circles, 500 nm open squares, 510 nm solid squares) (after Ref. [23]).

Figure 15. Complex plane impedance plots for polypyrrole at (A) 0.1, (B) -0.1, (C) -0.2, (D) -0.3, and (E) -0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl in NaCl04(aq). The circled points are for a bare Pt electrode. Frequencies of selected points are marked in hertz. (Reprinted from X. Ren and P. O. Pickup, Impedance measurements of ionic conductivity as a probe of structure in electrochemi-cally deposited polypyrrole films, / Electmanal Chem. 396, 359-364, 1995, with kind permission from Elsevier Sciences S.A.)...

Figure 3.1 Schematic diagram of the near-field optical microscope system. The structure of the near-field probe tip is illustrated in the circle. (Reproduced with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry [10]).

Four neutral lipid models were explored at pH 7.4 (1) 2% wt/vol DOPC in dode-cane, (2) olive oil, (3) octanol, and (4) dodecane. Table 7.5 lists the effective permeabilities Pe, standard deviations (SDs), and membrane retentions of the 32 probe molecules (Table 7.4). The units of Pe and SD are 10 6 cm/s. Retentions are expressed as mole percentages. Figure 7.22a is a plot of log Pe versus log Kd (octanol-water apparent partition coefficients, pH 7.4) for filters loaded with 2% wt/vol DOPC in dodecane (model 1.0, hlled-circle symbols) and with phospholipid-free dodecane (model 4.0, open-circle symbols). The dashed line in the plot was calculated assuming a UWL permeability (see Section 7.7.6) Pu, 16 x 10-6 cm/s (a typical value in an unstirred 96-well microtiter plate assay), and Pe of 0.8 x 10-6 cm/s... 

Figure 7. In-situ AFM imaging of synthetic graphite flakes (a, b), MCMB particles (c, d) and natural graphite particles (e,f during the first cathodic polarization of the electrodes in the probe solution (LiClO/EC-PC), measured at the indicated potentials vs. Li/Li. The arrows and circles point to the relevant morphological processes, as detailed in the text (see ref 26).

Figure 6. Plan view of a study house in Spokane County, WA. Probe locations with depths between 0.8 and 1 m are indicated by squares while those probes with depths between 0.5 and 0.7 m are shown as circles. The numbers indicate the in-situ air permeability measured at each probe location.

D.C. Thomas, G.A. Nardone, and S.K. Randall, Amplification of padlock probes for DNA diagnostics by cascade rolling circle amplification or the polymerase chain reaction. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 123, 1170-1176 (1999). 

If one wants to understand why such changes occur, one can look at a few of the basic equilibrium properties of such complexes. Figure 1 illustrates the trends which occur when a sample is titrated with copper, monitoring three different parameters. The black dots indicate the relative amount of bound copper as indicated by free copper ions sensed with an ion-selective electrode (Xc of left ordinate). The triangles represent the change of the absorbance of the solution at 465 nm (right ordinate). The curve with the open circles is the relative quenching of the fulvic acid fluorescence (Q of left ordinate). We see that we are able to probe several different types of sites with different types of probes for this multidentate system. 

Figure 7.16. Near-IR optical probe response with changes in immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration. Experimental data of 50 ppm (circles), 100 ppm (stars), and 200 ppm (squares) concentrations of dye is shown. IgG Concentration (ng/ml)...

It is apparent that signal amplification provides increased sensitivity over direct labeling. This is especially true for fluorescent-based assays. One of the most sensitive signal detection technologies is the immunoRCA (Schweitzer et al., 2000). Rolling circle amplificahon (RCA) is combined with antibody detection. RCA involves the amplification of circularized oligonuceotide probes under isothermal conditions by DNA polymerase (Lizardi et al., 1998). With immunoRCA, the 5 primer is attached to the reporter antibody. Initiation of the amplification starts when circular DNA template binds to the attached primer. 

Fig. 1. Geometry concepts tor analyzing protein cavity. The protein bulk is represented in black, probes as little spheres. The convex Hull ot the protein is represented in dash line. The plain vectors emerging trom the probe in grey are pointing towards the bulk solvent, whereas the dash vectors will encounter protein atoms within a radius of 8 A (radius of the influence circle m dot line).Jhe probe in front ot the clett defines the degree of precision in represenfing the molecular surface.

Figure 7.15 Fringe structure of the anti-Stokes scattering observed by the interference of two Raman excitations. Open circles are observed data and solid lines are sine functions fitted to the observed data, (a) The delay is scanned around 10 ps. (b) The delay Tjj g is scanned around 500 ps. In both cases, the probe pulse is irradiated at 1 ns after the first excitation. The intensity is normalized by the signal intensity when only the single IRE pulse is irradiated. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2013 by the American Physical Society.

The result is a valuable research tool in itself that we can now use as a probe for, say, the effects of drugs on associative processing in sleep. But it is also valuable because it objectively validates inferences made entirely on the basis of introspective reports. This closes the circle of doubt on introspection and encourages us to proceed, albeit cautiously, in our quest for the neural and chemical underpinnings of conscious experience. 

Fig. 2. Fit (solid line) of the pump-probe signal (empty circle symbols) using Eqs. (1-3) with a crosscorrelation signal of 180 fs FWHM (dot line).

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