Mole percentage

TABLE 2-22 Mole Percentages of H O over Aqueous Solutions of NH3 ... 

ITie BET method is the most widely used procedure for determining the surface area of porous materials. In this chapter, BET results were obtained from single point measurements using a Micromeritics Flowsorb II 2300 surface area analyzer. A mixture of nitrogen in helium (30 70 mole percentage) was used. Although this simple method is not quantitative for the microporous materials studied in section 5, it still allows qualitative comparisons to be made. 

FIGURE 9.10 Phospholipids are arranged asymmetrically in most membranes, including the human erythrocyte membrane, as shown here. Values are mole percentages. (After Rothman and Lenard, 1977. Science 194 1 744.)... 

Figure 4 Mole percentage of comonomer and intrinsic viscosities of a 1-butene LLDPE (O) and an 1-octene LLDPE (A) and direct extraction fractions thereof ( ) and (A), respectively. Source Ref. 32.

CD spectra were recorded first for mixtures of aPNA C5(b2)-i-DNA dJTAjGsAjT) and CCTCC(b2) 4-d(A3GGAGGA3) at different molar ratios (Fig. 5.6A). A plot of the CD intensity at 258 nm with respect to the mole percentage of aPNA showed two lines of opposite but unequal slope that intersect at a 1 1 molar ratio of the aPNA and DNA strands. We also noted that the complex formed between T5(b2)-... 

Four neutral lipid models were explored at pH 7.4 (1) 2% wt/vol DOPC in dode-cane, (2) olive oil, (3) octanol, and (4) dodecane. Table 7.5 lists the effective permeabilities Pe, standard deviations (SDs), and membrane retentions of the 32 probe molecules (Table 7.4). The units of Pe and SD are 10 6 cm/s. Retentions are expressed as mole percentages. Figure 7.22a is a plot of log Pe versus log Kd (octanol-water apparent partition coefficients, pH 7.4) for filters loaded with 2% wt/vol DOPC in dodecane (model 1.0, hlled-circle symbols) and with phospholipid-free dodecane (model 4.0, open-circle symbols). The dashed line in the plot was calculated assuming a UWL permeability (see Section 7.7.6) Pu, 16 x 10-6 cm/s (a typical value in an unstirred 96-well microtiter plate assay), and Pe of 0.8 x 10-6 cm/s... 

Figure 3.1 shows the appearance of dihydromethysticin in the acceptor well as a function of time [15], The solid curve is a least-squares fit of the data points to Eq. (1), with the parameters Pe = 32 x 10-6 cm s 1, R = 0.42, and t s = 35 min. The membrane retention, R, is often stated as a mole percentage (%R) of the sample (rather than a fraction). Its value can at times be very high - up to 90% for chlor-promazine and 70% for phenazopyridine, when 2% wt/vol DOPC in dodecane is used. Figure 3.2 shows a plot of log %R versus log Ka(7.4), the octanol/water apparent partition coefficient. It appears that retention is due to the lipophilicity of molecules this may be a good predictor of the pharmacokinetic volume of distribution or of protein binding. 

An example of a chromatogram obtained from a seawater sample and the mole percentage of each amino acid in the sample is depicted in Fig. 9.2. 

Ten data points were taken in an experiment in which the independent variable x is the mole percentage of a reactant and the dependent variable y is the yield (in percent) ... 

Anode deactivation via the pathways (1) and (2) is comprehensible. However, it is more difficult to explain the increased anode potential when the Ru loading is high, and when impurities are not present on the failed anode surfaces. Note that when the Ru loading is less than 2 g m-2, and when the mole percentage RuC>2 is less than 20, the anode potential on freshly formed anodes is unacceptably high (Fig. 5.1). Also, a notable increase in the resistivity of mixed oxides of RuC>2 and TiC>2 was observed [3-7] when the RuC>2 content is substantially less than 20 at.% (Fig. 5.2). 

The chain overlap parameter has been very successful at superimposing the data from the systems without hydrophobic modification, producing the continuous curve. However, it is clear from Flynn s work that once the hydrophobes are introduced into the polymer the viscosity rapidly increases at lower values of the chain overlap parameter. Increasing the mole percentage of hydrophobes also increases the viscosity at lower values of the chain overlap parameter. The position and number of the hydrophobes on a chain are important in determining the structure that forms and the onset of the increase in viscosity. The addition of side chains to hydroxyethyl cellulose modifies the network modulus as a function of concentration. This is discussed further in Section 2.3.4. 

Figure 5.30 The low shear viscosity versus chain overlap for polyacrylamide (PAM) and acrylamide dodecyl methacrylate copolymers (DMA-AM). The figures refer to the mole percentage of hydrophobic chains...

There are multiple ways by which an increase in the percentage DCA in bile may pre-dispose to cholesterol gallstone formation. Carulli et al. showed that DCA-rich bile induces biliary cholesterol hyper-secretion when compared with other bile acids (Graph 8.6). This is likely to be due to the greater hydro-phobicity and detergent efiect of DCA, which would be able to solubilise the lipids in the canalicular cell wall more readily. It may well explain why there have been linear relationships demonstrated between the percentage DCA in bile and (i) the mole percentage cholesterol and (ii) the cholesterol saturation index in bile. This may also explain why there is a link between the... 

Mole fractions, or mole percentages, for the monomeric units are placed in parentheses after the copolymer name, followed by the symbol x , or the phrase mol % , respectively. The order of citation in the parentheses is the same as in the name. 

Only proteins that contain proline bind polyphenols. Asano et al. (1982) demonstrated that the haze-forming activity of a protein is roughly proportional to the mole percentage of proline it contains (see Fig. 2.3). DNA has codes for exactly 20 amino acids. If each of these were equally present in a protein, there would be 5 mol% of each one. In fact, most proteins have much less proline than this. There are a few exceptions. Casein has about 8 mol% proline and the grain prolamins (proline-rich, alcohol-soluble proteins) are even higher. Hordein, the barley prolamin, contains about 20 mol% proline. As a result, it readily forms haze with polyphenols and is the main beer haze-active (HA) protein. Hordein contains even more glutamine (Q) than proline (P), and often these amino acids are adjacent in the protein (see Fig. 2.4). In fact, the sequence P-Q-Q-P occurs... 

Only three measures of impurity levels, as of concentrations in general, are generally useful the molarity, the molality, and the mole-fraction or mole-percentage. Of these, molality is the least useful, the mole-fraction is rarely appropriate, and the molarity is to be preferred, as it is more informative and easier to use in calculations than the other two. 

Figure 4.10 Top Ionic and tautomeric equilibria between histamine species and their respective mole percentages. Bottom 4-substituted histamine derivatives act as proton-transfer agents in their tele-tautomeric form. This may be important for H2 receptor ligands.

Values are expressed as mole percentages of the total neutral sugars. 

Cinchona catalysts that fulfill one of these criteria acceptably well have the entry related to that criterion (i.e. either relative molecular mass, number of steps required to make the catalyst, reaction yield, , mole percentage of catalyst, or biodegradability prediction based on rules of thumb broken) represented in bold in Appendix 7. A. Notably, in spite of their natural origin, none of the Cinchona catalysts is completely benign in terms of the rules of thumb for biodegradability, with the best examples (Entries 4 [108] and 31-33 [109, 116]) breaking only two of the rules. 

The cracking at 500° C. of both monocyclic and bicyclic cyclohexane-type naphthenes, which are important components of petroleum, again displays uniformity in gas compositions, approaching that of the n-paraffins. The gaseous products shown here as mole percentage amount to 26 to 52 weight % of the total feed reacted. 

The mole percentage of each FAME is calculated according to the following sequence of equations. 

The yield and selectivity of a particular product were defined as mole percentage yield and selectivity on a carbon-accounted-for basis. As for the yield of "other acid", the yield was calculated basing on the asumption that the acid was acetic acid or maleic anhydride, because the main acids, besides benzoic acid, were found to be acetic acid and maleic anhydride. The contact time was defined as (volume of catalyst used [ml])/(total flow rate [ml/s]). 

Notice that percentage deprotonation is a mole percentage, not a mass percentage. 

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