Principle of economy

Shared values include commitment to the worthiness of peer review and judgment by rational consensus. Shared values also include concepts like the definition of proof, the principle of economy, and accepted schema of analogies, models, and abstract representation that are means of scientific explanation. These shared values are further imparted and reinforced through the ongoing traditions and specific research schools of the discipline. Shared prob-... 

If chemical "principles" were understood by philosophers to be invisible or visible matter, "cause" was understood to be invisible force. Like so many other chemists in the eighteenth century, Macquer and Baume assumed that the forces of chemical affinity are simply instances of physical forces. 18 They took Newton to be a student of these affinity forces, and they found congenial Peter Shaw s view that "it was by means of chemistry that Sir Isaac Newton has made a great part of his discoveries in natural philosophy." 19 The notion of the identity of chemical and physical force was based in the principle of economy, expressed in the standard form that similar effects "must arise from the same law, if we are not to multiply causes. "20... 

There is a basic rule that applies to production in the chemical industry invest huge capital to make a big plant so that there is less overhead and the product can be produced more cheaply on this larger scale. This is the principle of economy of scale. A typical ethylene plant capacity rose from 70 million Ib/yr in 1951 to 2 billion Ib/yr in 1991. In 1950 vinyl chloride sold for 14C/lb and was produced at a rate of 250 million Ib/yr. In 1969 it sold for 5C/lb (in spite of 20 years of inflation) because it was being made at the rate of 3.6 billion Ib/yr. In 1950 sulfuric acid, the number one chemical in terms of U.S. production, sold for 20/ton. In 1980 the price was only 40/ton despite many double-digit inflation years in the 1970s. The reason is that the production went from 20 billion lb to 80 billion lb. 

The existence and importance of the covalent intermediates that appear in the few such reactions in which they are involved can be rationalized in a few ways. Most can be rationalized on the basis of the principle of economy in the evolution of binding sites. In the cases of the pyrophosphoenzymes and phosphoenzymes that are intemediates in the phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase reactions, the same principle applies however, additional interactions are probably more important. In one instance of a phosphoenzyme, the succinyl-CoA synthetase reaction, the role of the phosphoenzyme is unclear. But even in that case an attractive rationale can be advanced as a hypothesis. 

The principle of economy in the evolution of binding sites accounts for the few double-displacement reactions in this class. This principle may be stated as follows An enzyme contains within its active center the minimum number of... 

The assumptions that Che unit cell possesses the symmetry of space group 2 and that the twofold axis is coincident with the chain axis, do in fact meet a criterion long honored in scientific studies, namely, William of Ockham s principle of economy, which requires that the most simple hypothesis consistent with observations should always be adopted. Clearly the structure based on the anhydroglucose as the repeat unit is the most simple structure that accounts for the majority of the diffractometric data. Furthermore, the diffractometric data available are not sufficient to allow refinement of a structure possessing many more degrees of freedom, as would be the case if the twofold axis were not assumed coincident with the chain axis. 

Whereas parsimony certainly allows us to find the cladogram that minimizes incongruence, it is based on the very general scientific principle of economy of hypotheses, which can be traced back to William Ockham. Popper (1979 214ff) certainly agrees that scientific explanations should in every case minimize ad hoc auxiliary hypotheses. Indeed, it is exclusively with respect to this principle of minimizing auxiliary hypotheses — whether ad... 

I do not know how good chess enthusiasts are at inferring recent moves from a glance at a mid-game position, but the biological problem was precisely the one that Cavalli-Sforza and I claimed to be able to solve by statistical methods, contrary to these authors opinion. Their strictures (with which we were already familiar through our contact with Silvestri in Milan) were valuable, however, in forcing us to think about the basis of our methods and to realize that our principle of economy was justified by an appeal to probability models and maximum likelihood. 

It would violate the general principles of economy , if tryptophol was simultaneously formed, conjugated, and reoxidized in the same plant tissue. Etiolated pea seedlings, for example, efficiently transform potential lAA precursors into tryptophol and its glucoside [20]. Both compounds can also be converted to lAA, but in very low yields, as suggested by chromatographic evidence and bioassay [19, 20]. In the pea stem elongation test at about half-optimal response, the activity of... 

A policy statement to show that the motor vehicles are used only when required to conduct company business. Fleet vehicles should be managed in accordance with the lifecycle approach to material management, including the principles of economy and minimizing any negative environmental impact. 

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