Priming compositions explosives

Both 2,4-dinitrosoresorcinol (23) and 2,4-dinitroresorcinol (24) are important in the explosives industry. The lead salt of 2,4-dinitrosoresorcinol has a low ignition temperature and finds use in priming compositions and in electrical igniters. The lead salt of 2,4-dinitroresorcinol is a weak initiator but is found to exhibit high sensitivity to friction and stab action without being highly sensitive to impact, and as such, this compound has found use in primers. 

Priming Composition. A physical mixture of materials that is very sensitive to impact or percussion and, when so exploded, undergoes very rapid autocombustion. The products of such an explosion are hot gases and incandescent solid particles. Priming compositions are used for the ignition of primary explosives, BkPdr, igniter charges and propellants in small arms ammunition (Ref 40a, p 112) (See also in Section 3, Part D and Section 4,... 

Anon, "Military Explosives , TM 9-1910 (1955), pp 93-118 (Initiating agents and priming compositions) (New edition is listed... 

Complex Explosives. These are formed by a combination of two or more compds or ions. Several cobalt chromium complexes were studied by Tomlinson (Ref) to determine their promise as initiators or ingredients of priming compositions. As a class, chromic salts appeared to be more sensitive to initiation more brisanr, and to possess greater initiating ability than cobaltic compds. The latter type of complexes, however,... 

Primary explosives include mercury fulminate [Hg(ONC)2, melting point 160°C with explosion, density 4.2], lead azide [Pb(N3)2, density 4.0], basic lead styphnate (lead trinitroresorcinate), diazodinitrophenol, and tetrazine (a complex conjugated nitrogen compound, melting point 140 to 160°C with explosion). Most priming compositions consist of mixtures of primary explosives, fuels, and oxidants. 

It is accepted by most writers that Reverend Forsyth s percussion priming composition was based on mercury fulminate. However, there is some respected opinion which suggests his composition was made up of wax-coated pellets of potassium chlorate mixed with combustible materials, and that it was not until 1831 that mercury fulminate was widely used as the explosive ingredient in primer compositions.46,47... 

The product can be obtained by treating 2,4,6-trichloro- 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene with an alkali metal azide in alcoholic solution. It is a lead-free - initiating and powerful explosive and does not produce toxic fumes (- Lead-free Priming Compositions). The product undergoes a slow conversion into hexanitrosobenzene,... 

Eschbach patented priming compositions made by mixing lead azide with lead trinitroresorcinate. Marshall investigated the explosive properties of hexanitrodiphenylamme. 

Uses As a substitute for mercury fulminate in priming compositions for percussion caps. Used in combination with tetracene for explosive charges of detonating rivets, P9 10. 

Uses In priming compositions. In explosives for detonating rivets, in combination with lead azide, for the purpose of reducing the flash point of the latter,... 

For loading of high-explosive shells, it has been largely replaced by TNT. However, picric acid and its compositions can still he considered a reserve explosive for this purpose. As component of priming compositions. Picric acid is manufactured in large quantities for the production of armor-piercing explosives. 

Uses Can be used in priming compositions when mixed with lead styphnate or lead azide, explosives compositions with TNT, ammonium nitrate, RDX, HMX, or PETN, and in missile warheads in combination with HNS. PNT can also be used as a filler for rocket propellants as it increases thrust to weight ration. ... 

NMHAN forms creamy-white flat crystals, or rectangular prisms with a melting point of 81 Celsius. It has limited use in explosives, but can be used as a satisfactory substitute for RDX in blasting caps and detonators. NMHAN may demonstrate a usefulness in priming compositions when mixed with lead styphnate or lead azide. It can form stable shock resistant explosives when alloyed with TNT, or other low melting secondary explosives. ... 

Uses Primarily as a substitute for picric acid, DNP, and DNR in explosives compositions for demolition charges. The ammonium salt of methylpicric acid is a primary explosive used in priming compositions, initiation compositions, fireworks, and many pyrotechnic compositions. ... 

Sodium picramate forms stable crystals, which ignite rapidly and burn violently. The crystals are used in priming compositions for bullets and the like, initiation compositions for blasting caps and detonators, high performance rocket propellants, fireworks and a variety of pyrotechnics compositions for flares, incendiaries, and signals. It is also used as an intermediate in the production of other high explosives. Sodium picramate should be stored submerged in kerosene. ... 

The main focus of this monograph is on the individual primary explosives that have been used or reported as promising candidates for potential use. The only exception we included is nitrogen triiodide, which we believe will never find any use. The priming compositions are covered only briefly in this chapter to give more space to discussing the use of primary explosives in a broader perspective. 

Another important use of primary explosives lies in their application as sensitizers in priming compositions. The purpose of such mixtures is to provide reliable ignition and the role of the primary explosives in such mixtures is to make them sensitive enough to be easily ignited. The detonation of such a mixture is undesirable and must be prevented by careful selection of the ingredients and then-quantities for a particular application. 

Priming compositions or priming mixtures are sensitive explosive mixtures that are designed to produce a flame in a particular application. They are most often mixtures containing a primary explosive as one of the components in such a form and amount that ensures the inability to initiate detonation of the mixture. The role of the primary explosive is to sensitize the mixture to external stimuli, not to make it detonatable. Priming mixtures are used in percussion caps for ignition of gun powder, on electric fuseheads, delay elements, etc. 

Introduction. This chapter contains discussions of military primary explosives. The chemical, physical, thermochemical, sensitivity, performance, and stability characteristics of each explosive are covered. The method of manufacture is also given. If knov m, the chemical structure of each compound is shov m. This chapter also contains a discussion of priming compositions. 

DDNP is also soluble to some extent in nitroglycerin, nitrobenzene, aniline, pyridine, and concentrated hydrochloric acid. DDNP is nearly insoluble in carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide. The heat of formation is 956 calories per gram and the heat of explosion is 820 calories per gram. DDNP is used as an ingredient in priming compositions and in commercial blasting caps. 

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