Primary Drinking Water Monitoring

Table 1.1 Primary Drinking Water Monitoring Requirements for Inorganics...

Federal Register, 2001, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Arsenic and Clarifications to Compliance and New Source Contaminants Monitoring Final Rule Office of the Federal Register, v. 66, no. 14, p. 6975-7066. 

USEPA (2001) National primary drinking water regulations arsenic and clarifications to compliance and new source contaminants monitoring final nrle. Federal Register, 66, 6076-7066. 

Drinking water is analysed to enforce compliance with legislation dictating the quality of water fit for human consumption. In the United States, this t)fpe of analysis is performed to ensure that supplied water complies with the requirements of the Primary Drinking Water Standard, a national standard enforced by the EPA. Simply put, all supplied waters for human consumption must contain less than the maximum contaminant level (MCE) for each monitored analyte. Tables 9.2 and 9.3 give the MCLs for metallic species in the Primary Drinking Water Standard... 

There are 41362 community systems in the 32 major-use states. These facilities provide drinking water to 91% (213 million) of the 234 million people in these states (Table 29.2). SDWA quarterly compliance-monitoring data for atrazine and simazine from community systems in the 32 major-use states were obtained from the state regulatory agencies. These primary data represent an 8-year period (January 1993 to December 2000). There are 28280 CWS (68%) with 146683 samples analyzed for atrazine in the PLEX database (Table 29.3) and 27959 community systems (68%) with 137 956 simazine data points (Table 29.4). 

Ozone, used as a primary disinfectant, cannot be monitored in drinking-water, because it leaves no residual. Ozonation in the presence of inorganic bromide, which can occur naturally in raw water, can give rise to low concentrations of bromate. The analysis of bromate is difficult and expensive, because a number of other inorganic substances that interfere with the analysis may be present. It is considered, therefore, that routine bromate monitoring is a low priority, and that management should instead involve controlling the conditions of ozonation. Monochloramine... 

Rodriguez M, Sanders CA, Greenbaum E. Biosensors for rapid monitoring of primary-source drinking water using naturally occurring photosynthesis. Biosens Bioelectron 2002 17 843-849. 

Two compoimds that are currently generating much concern are azide and perchlorate, salts of which are cm-rently used in the explosives and pyrotechnics industry, with perchlorate also used as a primary oxidant in solid rocket fuel. IC can be used for the monitoring of both analytes in natural and treated waters. For perchlorate, EPA Method 314.0 (Determination of perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography) has been developed, which suggests the use of a Dionex lonPac AS16 anion exchange column (or equivalent) with a 35 mM NaOH eluent and suppressed conductivity detection. 

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