Prescribers examples

In addition to insulin, various other hormones made by recombinant methods have been approved or are under development. The most commonly prescribed examples at present include growth hormone (somatrem, Protropin , Genen-tech, Inc.) or erythropoietin (epoeitin a, Epogen Amgen Inc.). 

Project screening means checking that the predicted economic performance of a project passes a prescribed threshold or hurdle . Investors commonly apply a screening value to the project, which is a chosen IRR at a chosen oil price (for example, 20% IRR at 20/bbl). Provided the project IRR exceeds the hurdle rate the project is considered further, otherwise it is rejected in current form. 

General hydrodynamic theory for liquid penetrant testing (PT) has been worked out in [1], Basic principles of the theory were described in details in [2,3], This theory enables, for example, to calculate the minimum crack s width that can be detected by prescribed product family (penetrant, excess penetrant remover and developer), when dry powder is used as the developer. One needs for that such characteristics as surface tension of penetrant a and some characteristics of developer s layer, thickness h, effective radius of pores and porosity TI. One more characteristic is the residual depth of defect s filling with penetrant before the application of a developer. The methods for experimental determination of these characteristics were worked out in [4]. 

Let us consider the calculation of sensitivity threshold in the case when the cracks are revealing by PT method. Constant distance H between crack s walls along the whole defect s depth is assumed for the simplicity. The calculation procedure depends on the dispersity of dry developer s powder [1]. Simple formula has to be used in the case when developer s effective radius of pores IC, which depends mainly on average particle s size, is smaller than crack s width H. One can use formula (1) when Re is small enough being less than the value corresponding maximum sensitivity (0,25 - 1 pm). For example. Re = 0,25 pm in the case when fine-dispersed magnesia oxide powder is used as the developer. In this case minimum crack s width H that can be detected at prescribed depth lo is calculated as... 

The use of metered-dose valves in aerosol medical appHcations permits an exact dosage of an active dmg to be deHvered to the respiratory system where it can act locally or be systemicaHy absorbed. For example, inhalers prescribed for asthmatics produce a fine mist that can penetrate into the bronchial tubes (see Antiasthmatic agents). 

Concepts and Processes. Contemporary dosage forms are dmg dehvery systems, designed and manufactured to achieve safe and effective therapeutic responses each time the forms are used as part of an appropriate regimen. Thus, the intent of the prescriber is accompHshed when the product is used compliantly by the patient (12—14). Each dmg product involves several interrelated concepts that must be considered in its design and manufacture (15). Examples include the following ... 

SSRIs are widely used for treatment of depression, as well as, for example, panic disorders and obsessive—compulsive disorder. These dmgs are well recognized as clinically effective antidepressants having an improved side-effect profile as compared to the TCAs and irreversible MAO inhibitors. Indeed, these dmgs lack the anticholinergic, cardiovascular, and sedative effects characteristic of TCAs. Their main adverse effects include nervousness /anxiety, nausea, diarrhea or constipation, insomnia, tremor, dizziness, headache, and sexual dysfunction. The most commonly prescribed SSRIs for depression are fluoxetine (31), fluvoxamine (32), sertraline (52), citalopram (53), and paroxetine (54). SSRIs together represent about one-fifth of total worldwide antidepressant unit sales. 

Molten sodium is injected into the retort at a prescribed rate and the temperature of the system is controlled by adjusting the furnace power or with external cooling. The variables that control the quaUty and physical properties of the powder are the reduction temperature and its uniformity, diluent type and concentration, sodium feed rate, and stirring efficiency. Optimizing a variable for one powder attribute can adversely affect another property. For example, a high reduction temperature tends to favor improved chemical quaUty but lowers the surface area of the powder. 

Under current regulations, chemicals allowed for use in various European countries (Table 3) are either fully Hcensed for aquacultural use (oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid) or can be prescribed by veterinarians if they are Hcensed for use on other food animals (14—16). In addition, previously unHcensed chemicals that are appHed to the water (topicals) may now be used under a grandfather clause if no one questions their safety. The question of whether a chemical is a medicine or a pesticide has also been addressed. Eor example, dichlorvos (Nuvan 500 EC) was initially designated as a pesticide in the United Kingdom, but was later categorized as a medicine. A similar product, trichlorfon (Masoten), was treated the same way in the United States. 

Better product characteristics are obtained through control of the rate at which supersaturation (cooling, evaporation, and addition of a nonsolvent or precipitant) is generated. An objective of the operation may be to maintain the supersaturation at some constant prescribed value, usually below the metastable limit associated with primary nucleation. For example, the batch may be cooled slowly at the beginning of the cycle and more rapidly at the end. 

In addition to using annuahzed cost comparisons in evaluating an air-poUution-control (APC) equipment installation, the impact of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) and resulting regulations also must be included in the evaluation. The CAAA prescribes specific pollution-control requirements for particular industries and locations. As an example, the CAAA requires that any major stationary source or... 

Boundary conditions are special treatments used for internal and external boundaries. For example, the center line in cylindrical geometry is an internal boundary that is modeled as a plane of symmetry. External boundaries model the world outside the mesh. The outermost row of elements is often used to implement the boundary condition as shown in Fig. 9.13. The mass, stress, velocity, etc., of the boundary elements are defined by the boundary conditions rather than the governing equations. External boundary conditions are typically prescribed through user input. 

For example, Stolorz et al. [88] derived a Bayesian formalism for secondary structure prediction, although their method does not use Bayesian statistics. They attempt to find an expression for / ( j. seq) = / (seq j.)/7( j.)//7(seq), where J. is the secondary structure at the middle position of seq, a sequence window of prescribed length. As described earlier in Section II, this is a use of Bayes rule but is not Bayesian statistics, which depends on the equation p(Q y) = p(y Q)p(Q)lp(y), where y is data that connect the parameters in some way to observables. The data are not sequences alone but the combination of sequence and secondary structure that can be culled from the PDB. The parameters we are after are the probabilities of each secondary structure type as a function of the sequence in the sequence window, based on PDB data. The sequence can be thought of as an explanatory variable. That is, we are looking for... 

If the subsequent discovery of a nonconformity will cause major design, production, installation, or operational problems, you should subject the item to a complete test to verify compliance with all prescribed requirements. An example of this would be an electronic unit. 

A series of atom types, defining the characteristics of an element within a specific chemical context. Atom types prescribe different characteristics and behavior for an element depending upon its environment. For example, a carbon atom in a carbonyl is treated differently than one bonded to three hydrogens. The atom type depends on hybridization, charge and the types of the other atoms to which it is bonded. 

Since there was some evidence that these compounds owe their action to interference with the action of histamine, this class has earned the soubriquet "antihistamines." This class of drugs is further characterized by a spectrum of side effects which occur to a greater or lesser degree in various members. These include antispasmodic action, sedative action, analgesia, and antiemetic effects. The side effects of some of these agents are sufficiently pronounced so that the compounds are prescribed for that effect proper. Antihistamines, for example, are used as the sedative-hypnotic component in some over-the-counter sleeping pills. 

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