Preparations titanium chloride

Nilson and Pettersson prepared titanium chloride TiCl, and reduced it with sodium metal in a closed steel cylinder. They obtained titanium metal with only 5% contamination. 

Precipitation of a hydrated titanium oxide by mixing aqueous solutions of titanium chloride with alkaU forms the precipitation seeds, which are used to initiate precipitation in the Mecklenburg (50) variant of the sulfate process for the production of pigmentary titanium dioxide. Hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of titanium chloride is also used for the preparation of high purity (>99.999%) titanium dioxide for electroceramic appHcations (see Ceramics). In addition, hydrated titanium dioxide is used as a pure starting material for the manufacture of other titanium compounds. 

A third class of catalysts was prepared by electron beam induced deposition of XiCl4 on a polycrystalhne Au foil. Deposition of TiCU at 300 K leads to films which comprise Ti + and Ti species as inferred from XPS measurements [90]. Depending on the experimental parameters (background pressure of TiCU, electron flux, electron energy) different composition of Ti oxidation states are observed [23]. From angular-dependent measurements it was concluded that the Ti + centers are more prominent at the surface of the titanium chloride film, while the Xp+ centers are located in the bulk [90]. 

Solutions of low-valence titanium chloride (titanium dichloride) are prepared in situ by reduction of solutions of titanium trichloride in tetrahydrofuran or 1,2-dimethoxyethane with lithium aluminum hydride [204, 205], with lithium or potassium [206], with magnesium [207, 208] or with a zinc-copper couple [209,210]. Such solutions effect hydrogenolysis of halogens [208], deoxygenation of epoxides [204] and reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alkenes [205,... 

Titanium enolates can be prepared from lithium enolates by reaction with trialkoxy-titanium(IV) chlorides, such as (isopropoxy)titanium chloride.24 Titanium enolates can also be prepared directly from ketones by reaction with TiCLt and a tertiary amine.25... 

When volatile chlorides are prepared in this way, as for example, titanium chloride from rutile, the product must be passed through a good condenser and collected in a receiver protected from the air. It will then be mixed with some unchanged sulfur chloride and will have to be fractionally distilled. 

Direct chemical reduction of titanium oxide, titanium chloride, titanium sulfate, or titanium hydride with carbon, nitrogen, or ammonia or by both carbon and nitrogen to form TiC, TiN and TiCN.3-6 Titanium nitride can also be prepared in a plasma jet from titanium tetrachloride and nitrogen.7... 

Attempts to prepare 7-keto-compounds from the bases (138) and (139) by the action of manganese dioxide and titanium chloride gave the ring-opened compounds (140) and (141).167... 

Zhang, Qinghong, Gao Lian and Guo, Jingkun (2000). Preparation of ultrafine titanium oxide powder by hydrolyzation of titanium chloride. /. of Inorganic Materials, 15(1) 21-25 (in Chinese). 

In reporting a Ziegler-Natta catalyst, the kind of transition metal compound should not be omitted. Group 4-8 transition metal compounds, such as halides, oxyhalides, alkoxides, acetylacetonates, etc., have been used as catalyst precursors with activators such as alkyl derivatives or hydrides of group 1-4 metals. Titanium chlorides and triethylaluminium are most commonly applied for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts in an aliphatic hydrocarbon medium. Also, vanadium oxychloride or acetylacetonate and dialkyaluminium chloride are often used for the preparation of homogeneous catalysts in an aliphatic hydrocarbon or an aromatic hydrocarbon medium. 

Titanium Chloride Solution (0.1 N) Transfer 73 mL of commercially prepared 20% TiCl3 solution into a storage bottle, and carefully add 82 mL of concentrated HC1 per L of final solution. Mix well, and bubble C02 or N2 through the solution for 1 h. Before standardizing, maintain the solution under a hydrogen atmosphere for at least 16 h using a Kipp generator. 

I HIOL ESTERS, 61,48 preparation of, 61, 134 Thiophosgene, 61, 71 Titanium chloride [7705-07-9], 60, 113 Titanium trichloride, 60. 113 p-Toluenesulfonamide,, V-chloro-, sodium salt. 61, 85... 

A 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether (MEMOR) is normally prepared under non-acidic conditions in methylene chloride solution or under basic conditions. The MEM ether group can be removed in excellent yield with trifluoroacetic acid (TEA) in dichloromethane (1 1). The MEM group can also be removed by treatment with zinc bromide (ZnBr2), titanium chloride (TiCU) or bromocatechol borane. When MEM-protected diols are treated with zinc bromide (ZnBr2) in ethyl acetate, 1,3-dioxane is formed and a mechanism of this reaction is given in Scheme 1.23. 

Polymerization Catalysed by Acids and Bases. Carbonium ions and carbanions respectively are carriers of the chain transfer in cationic and anionic polymerizations respectively. Ionic polymerization mechanism was exploited for the synthesis of polymeric stabilizers in comparison with the free-radical polymerization only exceptionally. The cationic process was used for the synthesis of copolymers of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-vinylphenol with cyclopentadiene and/or for terpolymers with cyclopentadiene and isobutylene [109]. System SnCWEtsAlCla was used as an initiator. Poly(lO-vinylphenothiazin) was prepared by means of catalysis with titanium chlorides [110]. Polymers of 4-[a-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-vinylbenzene [111] and 3-allyl-2-hydroxyacetophenone [112] were also prepared under conditions of cationic polymerization. 

Similarly, impervious yttria-stabilized zirconia membranes doped with titania have been prepared by the electrochemical vapor deposition method [Hazbun, 1988]. Zirconium, yttrium and titanium chlorides in vapor form react with oxygen on the heated surface of a porous support tube in a reaction chamber at 1,100 to 1,300 C under controlled conditions. Membranes with a thickness of 2 to 60 pm have been made this way. The dopant, titania, is added to increase electron How of the resultant membrane and can be tailored to achieve the desired balance between ionic and electronic conductivity. Brinkman and Burggraaf [1995] also used electrochemical vapor deposition to grow thin, dense layers of zirconia/yttria/terbia membranes on porous ceramic supports. Depending on the deposition temperature, the growth of the membrane layer is limited by the bulk electrochemical transport or pore diffusion. 

An essential difference is observed for the chain transfer with hydrogen in the polymerization on bulk TiClj (the chain transfer is 0.5th order with respect to [Hj]) and on catalysts supported on MgClj (first — order chain transfer with respect to [Hj]). This difference leads to higher values of the melt index of polyethylene prepared on the TiClyMgClj catalyst in the presence of H in comparison with non-supported titanium chloride catalysts... 

Kazarinov et al. have investigated the adsorption of CIO4, Cl, HSO4 and H2PO4 ions on titanium dioxide by means of the radioactive tracer method. These authors employed the Ti02 films prepared by thermal decomposition of titanium chloride (so, in principle, similar to those used in above mentioned XPS studies ). 

Transmission specimens of layered compounds such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide, titanium chloride, etc., can be prepared according to a standard method (ref. 

Chlorobutyl benzoate has been prepared by the action of benzoyl chloride on tetrahydrofuran in the presence of titanium chloride, stannic chloride, or zinc chloride. ... 

Both on the commercial and research scales, chlorides find use in transition metal preparation. Titanium is commonly prepared by converting the oxide to the chloride ... 

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