Preparation of Ethylene

Ethylene is produced from 9.2 grams of ethyl alcohol (C2H3OH) 

2 mol of alcohol produces 0.2 mol C2H2, as the ratio between the mole numbers of ethylene and alcohol is 1 to 1. 

Write the structural formulae for the following compounds, a. 1,2- dichloroethene 

The density of a gaseous alkene is 2.5 g/L at STR Find its molecular formula. 

Write the equations for the reactions between propene and the given substances. Name the products. 

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ETHYLENE We discussed ethylene production in an earlier boxed essay (Section 5 1) where it was pointed out that the output of the U S petrochemi cal industry exceeds 5 x 10 ° Ib/year Approximately 90% of this material is used for the preparation of four compounds (polyethylene ethylene oxide vinyl chloride and styrene) with polymerization to poly ethylene accounting for half the total Both vinyl chloride and styrene are polymerized to give poly(vinyl chloride) and polystyrene respectively (see Table 6 5) Ethylene oxide is a starting material for the preparation of ethylene glycol for use as an an tifreeze in automobile radiators and in the produc tion of polyester fibers (see the boxed essay Condensation Polymers Polyamides and Polyesters in Chapter 20)... 

Dehydrogenation (Section 5 1) Elimination in which H2 is lost from adjacent atoms The term is most commonly en countered in the mdustnal preparation of ethylene from ethane propene from propane 1 3 butadiene from butane and styrene from ethylbenzene... 

Polymers ndResins. / fZ-Butyl peroxyneopentanoate and other peroxyesters of neopentanoic acid can be used as free-radical initiators for the polymeri2ation of vinyl chloride [75-01-4] (38) or of ethylene [74-85-1]. These peresters have also been used in the preparation of ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymers [24937-78-8] (39), modified polyester granules (40), graft polymers of arninoalkyl acrylates with vinyl chloride resins (41), and copolymers of A/-vinyl-pyrrohdinone [88-12-0] and vinyl acetate [108-05-4] (42). They can also be used as curing agents for unsaturated polyesters (43). 

Salts of neodecanoic acid have been used in the preparation of supported catalysts, such as silver neodecanoate for the preparation of ethylene oxide catalysts (119), and the nickel soap in the preparation of a hydrogenation catalyst (120). Metal neodecanoates, such as magnesium, lead, calcium, and zinc, are used to improve the adherence of plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) sheet to safety glass in car windshields (121). Platinum complexes using neodecanoic acid have been studied for antitumor activity (122). Neodecanoic acid and its esters are used in cosmetics as emoUients, emulsifiers, and solubilizers (77,123,124). Zinc or copper salts of neoacids are used as preservatives for wood (125). 

Products such as diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol, obtained by side reactions in the preparation of ethylene glycol, are sometimes used but they... 

The conjugated diene 1,3-butadiene is used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber and is prepared on an industrial scale in vast quantities. Production in the United States is currently 4X10 Ib/yearc One industrial process is similar- to that used for the preparation of ethylene In the presence of a suitable catalyst, butane undergoes thermal dehydrogenation to yield 1,3-butadiene. 

M. A. Brook and T. H. Chan, Synthesis 201 (1983) fora similar use ofTMSCl in the facile preparation of ethylene ketals and other acetals, sec T. H. Chan, M. A. Brook and T. Chaly, Synthesis 203 (1983). 

Preparation of ethylene glycol for antifreeze and synthetic textile fibers (60%), hospital sterilant (15%), surfactants (10%), other chemicals (10%). 

This intermediate for the preparation of ethylene diisocyanate exploded violently during isolation [1], Previously the almost dry solid had exploded violently on stirring with a spatula [2]. 

Five-coordinate aluminum alkyls are useful as oxirane-polymerization catalysts. Controlled polymerization of lactones102 and lactides103 has been achieved with Schiff base aluminum alkyl complexes. Ketiminate-based five-coordinate aluminum alkyl (OCMeCHCMeNAr)AlEt2 were found to be active catalyst for the ring-opening polymerization of -caprolactone.88 Salen aluminum alkyls have also been found to be active catalysts for the preparation of ethylene carbonate from sc C02 and ethylene oxide.1 4 Their catalytic activity is markedly enhanced in the presence of a Lewis base or a quaternary salt. 

Chlorine and bromine can be replaced by iodine by means of alkali iodide, and this is of importance in cases where direct treatment of alcohols with hydriodic acid gives a bad yield or none at all, e.g. in the preparation of ethylene iodohydrin ... 

Ethyl ether is also formed as a by-product during the preparation of ethylene. 

Preparation of Ethylene Glycol Esters from Synthesis Gas... 

Figure 17.15. A fired heater as a high temperature reactor, (a) Arrangement of tubes and burners (1) radiant tubes (2) radiant panel burners (3) stack (4) convection chamber tubes (Sukhanov, Petroleum Processing, Mir, Moscow, 1982). (b) Radiant (surface-combustion) panel burner (1) housing (2) ceramic perforated prism (3) tube (4) injector (5) fuel gas nozzle (6) air throttle Sukhanov, Petroleum Processing, Mir, Moscow, 1982). (c) Fired tubular cracking furnace for the preparation of ethylene from naphtha.

A method of considerable industrial importance for the large-scale preparation of ethylene oxide is direct oxidation of ethylene at elevated temperatures over a suitably prepared metallic silver catalyst. Although the reaction may be written aa indicated in Eq. (09), in actual practice only about half the ethylene is converted into ethylene oxide, the remainder being oxidized further to carbon dioxide and water. In spite of this seeming disadvantage, catalytic oxidation appears at present to bo economically competitive with chlorohydrin formation aa a means for the commercial production of ethylene oxide.MM Unfortunately, other olefins, such as propylene and mo-butylene for example, apparently give only carbon dioxide and water under the usual oxidation conditions,1310 so that until now the patent hu balance ethylene oxide has been the only representative accessible by tins route. 

The preparation of ethylene oxide is shown in Problem 15.25ft. 

The following procedures for the preparation of ethylene-bisbiguanidinium hydrogen sulfate and silver(III) complexes of ethylenebisbiguanide are taken from RAy and Chakravarty.1,4... 

Epoxides are important intermediates in many industrial processes. For example, the reaction of the simplest epoxide, ethylene oxide, with water is employed to produce ethylene glycol, which is used in antifreeze and to prepare polymers such as Dacron. One method for the preparation of ethylene oxide employs an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction of ethylene chlorohydrin ... 

Several addition reactions have been or are currently used on a large scale in industrial chemical plants. For example, an older method for the preparation of ethylene oxide employed the addition of chlorine to ethylene in water to form ethylene chlorohydrin or 2-chloroethanol. (In industry, ethene is almost always called ethylene.) Treatment of the chlorohydrin with calcium hydroxide results in the formation of ethylene oxide, which is an important intermediate in the manufacture of ethylene glycol and other products (see the Focus On box on page 375). However, this method is wasteful of... 

An efficient industrial process for the preparation of ethylene carbonate... 

Certain diethers of the type ROCHaCH OR have been prepared by adding alkyl halides to a solution of sodium in excess ethylene glycol monoalkyl ether, as in the preparation of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (78%). Chloromethyl methyl ether and alcohols react to give an acetal derivative of formaldehyde, CHjOCHjOR the reaction is carried out in the presence of pyridine. Aromatic diethers such as 2-methoxydiphenyl ether have been prepared by the Ullmann procedure. ... 

Hydroxy nitriles are obtained from halo alcohols as illustrated by the preparation of ethylene cyanohydrin from ethylene chlorohydrin (80%). ... 

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