Prenatal development toxicity study

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (2001). Guideline 414, prenatal development toxicity study, see http //www. oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/oecd -guide -lines-for-the-testing-of-chemicals-section-4-health- effects 20745788... 

OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Guideline 414, Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study, 2001a. 

OECD (2001) Test Guideline 414. OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals. Prenatal developmental toxicity study, http / / www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environ-ment/test-no-414-prenatal-development-toxicity-stud y 9789264070820-en. Accessed 12 Feb 2012... 

The prenatal developmental toxicity study was originally designed to investigate malformations, and the pregnant animals are sacrificed on the day prior to the expected birth. The background for this is that the dams may eat malformed offspring. As such, the prenatal developmental toxicity study covers only effects induced during prenatal development and visible at term. 

OECD (1981) OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals 414 Prenatal developmental toxicity study. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 2000a. OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study. Approved Draft. TG No. 414. ENV/EPOC(2000)9. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France. June. [Online]. Available http //www.0ecd.0rg//ehs/test/health.htm DRAFT GUIDELINES... 

Repeat-dose neurotoxicity studies may identify behavioral effects or impaired nerve functions that can interfere with mating or maternal care. Developmental neurotoxicity studies have been conducted for specific pesticide classes, following requirements of US-EPA. If such a study is available it can be examined not only for the study-specific endpoints on the developing brain but also compared to the prenatal toxicity study and the two-generation smdy with respect to general endpoints of pre- and postnatal development, respectively. 

The placenta, although of vital importance for the viability and the development of the conceptus, is a neglected organ in most prenatal toxicity studies for pesticides. Older studies often give no information at all, while newer investigations contain at least placental... 

Previous reproductive toxicology studies in laboratory animals examining the effects of prenatal exposure to fumonisin demonstrated a potential risk to the developing fetus. Studies using an aqueous extract of contaminated maize-culture material of F. verticillioides reported that fumonisin was developmentally toxic in hamsters (Floss et al., 1994 Penner et al., 1998). In addition, purified fumonisin Bi was shown experimentally to cause fetal toxicity in rats and mice (Collins et al., 1998 Reddy et al., 1996). In another study, pregnant CD1 mice treated with a semipurified extract... 

Dietrich, K.N., and D. Bellinger. 1994. The assessment of neurobehavioral development in studies of the effects of prenatal exposure to toxicants. Pp. 57-85 in Prenatal Exposure to Toxicants Developmental Consequences, H.L. Needleman, and D. Bellinger, eds. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins University Press. 

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