Precipitation, worldwide

Electrolytic Precipitation. In 1800, 31 years before Faraday s fundamental laws of electrolysis, Cmikshank observed that copper metal could be precipitated from its solutions by the current generated from Volta s pile (18). This technique forms the basis for the production of most of the copper and 2inc metal worldwide. 

Other Uses. Other uses include intermediate chemical products. Overall, these uses account for 15—20% of sulfur consumption, largely in the form of sulfuric acid but also some elemental sulfur that is used directly, as in mbber vulcanization. Sulfur is also converted to sulfur trioxide and thiosulfate for use in improving the efficiency of electrostatic precipitators and limestone/lime wet flue-gas desulfurization systems at power stations (68). These miscellaneous uses, especially those involving sulfuric acid, are intimately associated with practically all elements of the industrial and chemical complexes worldwide. 

Temperature-Controlled Residuiun Oil Supercritical Extraction (ROSE) The Kerr-McCee ROSE process has been used worldwide for over two decades to remove asphaltenes from oil. The extraction step uses a hquid solvent that is recovered at supercritical conditions to save energy as shown in Fig. 20-21. The residuum is contacted with butane or pentane to precipitate the heavy asphaltene fraction. The extract is then passed through a series of heaters, where it goes from the liquid state to a lower-density SCF state. Because the entire process is carried out at conditions near the critical point, a relatively small temperature change is required to produce a fairly large density change. After the light oils have been removed, the solvent is cooled back to the liquid state and recycled. 

Bacteria are likely precipitants in many other cases including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, Vibrio cholerae, and Clostridium difficile. The term dysentery has often been used to describe some of these bacterial infections when associated with serious occurrences of bloody diarrhea. Additionally, acute diarrheal conditions can be prompted by parasites-protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica, Microsporidium, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Most of these infectious agents can be causes of traveler s diarrhea, a common malady alflicting travelers worldwide. It usually occurs during or just after travel subsequent to the ingestion of fecally-contaminated food or water. It has an abrupt onset but usually subsides within 2 to 3 days. 

Yurimoto A, Krot A, Choi BG, Aldon J, Kunihiro T, Brearly AJ (2008) Oxygen isotopes in chondritic components. Rev Miner Geochem 68 141-186 Yurtsever Y (1975) Worldwide survey of stable isotopes in precipitation. Rep Sect Isotope Hydrol IAEA, November 1975, 40 pp... 

Depression. Depression is our most common mental problem. One in four women and one in ten men will have a major depression during their lifetime.1095 More than 15 million people in the United States are affected by severe depression in any given year and more than 30,000 may commit suicide.1096 1097 Worldwide psychiatric problems, mostly depression, account for 28% of all disabilities.1098 The biogenic amine hypothesis states that depression results from the depletion of neurotransmitters in the areas of the brain involved in sleep, arousal, appetite, sex drive, and psychomotor activity. An excess of transmitters is proposed to give rise to the manic phase of the bipolar (manic-depressive) cycle that is sometimes observed. In support of this hypothesis is the observation that administration of reserpine precipitates depression, which may be serious in 15-20% of hypertensive patients receiving the drug. Similar effects are observed with the dopa decarboxylase inhibitor a-methyldopa... 

Since the 1960s, considerable efforts have been devoted worldwide to develop viable An(III)/Ln(III) separation systems, either by liquid-liquid extraction, precipitation, or ion-exchange chromatography. These systems have been regularly reported in comprehensive reviews covering various issues of actinide and lanthanide separations, such as the basics of actinide solution chemistry in aqueous/... 

The removal of fluoride from water using defluoridation techniques is a common practice worldwide, both domestically and industrially. Current methods of fluoride removal from water include adsorption onto activated alumina, bone char and clay,1 precipitation with lime, dolomite and aluminium sulphate, the Nalgonda technique [4], ion exchange [5] and membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO), electrodialysis and very recently NF [6-9],... 

Wine is a widely consumed beverage worldwide, with thousands of years of tradition and a remarkable commercial and social value. The evaluation of the quality of wine is a permanent concern for manufactures, merchants, and consumers. The presence of potentially toxic elements in wines is associated with soil contamination and also related to atmospheric precipitation, pesticides, and materials used in production, transportation, and storage. Although at the end of alcoholic fermentation there is a significant reduction of the mineral content, this may not be enough to prevent some problems related to wine stability, namely,... 

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