Precipitation Japan

If imperial Japan had employed the Fischer-Tropsch or the Bergius flow reactor process to turn coal from its possession of Manchuria into gasoline in the late 1930 s, it may not have felt so threatened hy the U.S. gasoline embargo, which helped precipitate Japan s decision to attack Pearl Harbor in 1941. 

Lead alloys containing 0.09—0.15 wt % calcium and 0.015—0.03 wt % aluminum are used for the negative battery grids of virtually all lead—acid batteries in the United States and are also used in Japan, Canada, and Europe. If the molten alloy is held at too low a temperature, the aluminum precipitates from solution, rises to the surface of the molten alloy as finely divided aluminum particles, and enters the dross layer atop the melt. 

Two blue pigments can be prepared in transparent form cyanide iron blue and cobalt aluminum blue. These pigments are used in achieving a blue shade of the metal effect pigments in metallic paints. Transparent cyanide iron blue is prepared by a precipitation reaction similar to the one used for the preparation of the opaque pigment, but considerably lower concentrations of solutions are used. It is produced by Degussa (Germany), Manox (U.K), and Dainichiseika (Japan). 

Applications. In 1994, approximately 675,000 metric tons of amorphous precipitated sihca were manufactured for sale (38,62). Degussa, J. M. Huber, and PPG in the United States and in Europe, and Akzo (Germany), Aluflour (Sweden), Crosfield (United Kingdom), Nippon Sihca (Japan), Rhc ne-Poulenc (France), Shionogi (Japan), Tokuyama Soda (Japan), and Vitro PQ (Mexico) are the primary producers. 

Tofu. Tofu is prepared by adding a coagulant such as calcium sulfate to soymilk to precipitate the protein and oil into a gelatinous curd. The curd is then separated from the soluble portion (whey), pressed, and washed to yield a market-ready product. Tofu, a traditional food in Japan (90), was populari2ed in the United States in the late 1970s and is available in many U.S. supermarkets. 

In the initial thiocyanate-complex Hquid—Hquid extraction process (42,43), the thiocyanate complexes of hafnium and zirconium were extracted with ether from a dilute sulfuric acid solution of zirconium and hafnium to obtain hafnium. This process was modified in 1949—1950 by an Oak Ridge team and is stiH used in the United States. A solution of thiocyanic acid in methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is used to extract hafnium preferentially from a concentrated zirconium—hafnium oxide chloride solution which also contains thiocyanic acid. The separated metals are recovered by precipitation as basic zirconium sulfate and hydrous hafnium oxide, respectively, and calcined to the oxide (44,45). This process is used by Teledyne Wah Chang Albany Corporation and Western Zirconium Division of Westinghouse, and was used by Carbomndum Metals Company, Reactive Metals Inc., AMAX Specialty Metals, Toyo Zirconium in Japan, and Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann in France. 

The commercial recovery of iodine on an industrial scale depends on the particular source of the element.Erom natural brines, such as those at Midland (Michigan) or in Russia or Japan, chlorine oxidation followed by air blowout as for bromine (above) is much used, the final purification being by resublimation. Alternatively the brine, after clarification, can be treated with just sufficient AgNOs to precipitate the Agl which is then treated with clean scrap iron or steel to form metallic Ag and a solution of EeU the Ag is redissolved in HNO3 for recycling and the solution is treated with CI2 to liberate the h ... 

Enzymatic preparation with predominant content of pectinesterase (obtained from Penicillium fellutanum culture liquid by isolation by acetone was purified. Primary enzymatic preparation was re — precipitated by three volumes of ethyl alcohol and centrifuged (6000 rev/min.) during 20 min. The obtained precipitate of partially purified pectinesterase preparation was dried in vacuum — desiccator. Sephadexes G — 50, G-75, G-lOO, G-200 "LKB" (Sweden) and Toyopearl HW-55 (Japan) were used for separation of enzymatic complex by gel — filtration. 

In recent years, many hydrothermal solution venting and sulfide-sulfate precipitations have been discovered on the seafloor of back-arc basins and island arcs (e.g., Ishibashi and Urabe, 1995) (section 2.3). Therefore, it is widely accepted that the most Kuroko deposits have formed at back-arc basin, related to the rapid opening of the Japan Sea (Horikoshi, 1990). 

The coupled precipitation kinetics-fluid flow model was applied to the distribution of Si02 content and K2O content of the hydrothermally altered andesite in the Hishikari Au-Ag mine area, south Kyushu, Japan by Shikazono et al. (2002). This will be described in section 1.4.6. 

Nagayama, T. (1992) The precipitation sequence of the Hishikari vein deposits, Kyushu, Japan. Unpub. Masters Thesis, U. Tokyo. 

Nagayama, T. (1993a) Precipitation sequence of veins at the Hishikari deposits, Kyushu Japan. Resource Geology Special Issue, 14, 13-28. 

Shikazono, N., Yonekawa, N. and Karakizawa, T. (2002) Mass transfer, oxygen isotope, and gold precipitation in epithermal gold system A case study of the Hishikari deposit, southern Kyushu Japan. Resource Geology, 52, 211-222. 

Suito, E. and Takiyama, K. (1954) Formation and aging of precipitates. I. Electron microscopic studies of the formation of barium sulfate precipitate. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 27, 121-123. 

Takeno, N., Ishido, T. and Pritchelt, J.W. (2000) Dissolution, transportation, and precipitation of silica in geothermal systems. Rept. Geol. Surv. Japan, 284, 235-248. 

Nitta, T., Adachi, M., Takahashi, M., Inoue, K. and Abe, Y. (1991) Heavy metal precipitation from geothermal fluid of 87N-15T production well in the Okuaizu geothermal field, Tohoku District, Japan. Mining Geology, 41, 231-242 (in Japanese). 

Volcano-sedimentary ore deposits are syngenetic deposits precipitated from sea water enriched in metals by submarine volcanic activity. Deposits of this type are also called submarine exhalative-sedimentary deposits. Stratabound lead-zinc-copper deposits associated with marine sedimentary volcanic sequences belong to this category. Important examples are Kuroko deposit in Japan, Mt. Isa in Australia, Sullivan deposit in British Columbia, Canada, Rammelsberg in Germany and Rampura-Agucha in Rajasthan, India. 

Ebara [Electron beam ammonia reaction] A dry process for removing sulfur and nitrogen oxides from flue-gas. A beam of high energy electrons is injected into the gas, to which a stoichiometric quantity of ammonia has been added. The product, a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, is collected downstream by an electrostatic precipitator or a bag filter. Developed by Ebara Corporation, Japan, and piloted in Indianapolis in 1986. 

Geochemical monitoring of chemical and isotopic compositions of CO2 fluids and calcite precipitation during injection tests at Ogachi Hot-Dry Rock site, Japan... 

As regards the pollutants monitoring, from the measurements available so far it could be concluded that acid rain is coming to be a major problem in Asia. In many industrially developed and new developed countries such as Japan, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand etc., values of pH <5 are encountered at many sites, and they represent more than 50% of monitored rain events on a regional scale. In some developing countries of South-East Asia (Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia) most rainwater pH measurements tend to be around 5.6, the pH of natural rainwater, and the acid rain precipitation is mainly due to localized industrial pollution. There is some evidence that pH values below 5 at unpolluted sites may be due to the contribution of weak organic acids, such as formic and acetic acids (Radojevic, 1998). 

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