Precipitating terminal event

Atmospheric particle concentrations have been linked with hospital admissions for pneumonia among the elderly (41). Pneumonia is a common complication of COPD, and it is often the precipitating terminal event. An increase in the incidence of pneumonia would thus be consistent with adverse effects on patients with COPD or other chronic respiratory diseases. All of the host defense factors listed in the foregoing for COPD could be important in particle effects on the risk of developing pneumonia interference with host defense mechanisms would be expected to increase this common cause of respiratory morbidity and mortality. Data are lacking that would allow assessment of particle effects on defense against specific pathogens important in humans, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. 

Kauzmann did not accept this implication, however. He argued instead that in the temperature interval between 7 and Tk, the probability of crystallization was increasing so that before the isoentropic point could be reached, the time scale for crystallization would become the same as that for configurational relaxation in the amorphous phase, as discussed in Section II above. This would precipitate a first-order phase transition by the spontaneous growth of fluctuations in the appropriate direction. Such an event would necessarily terminate the liquid-state metastable free-energy surface and make the apparent entropy-crossing problem metaphysical and, Kauzmann therefore reasoned, of no consequence. 

Three of the four subjects on the methadone study refused to continue with the experiments, an event which rarely happens at the U.S. Public Health Service laboratory in Lexmgton, Kentucky, after they had experienced the abstinence syndrome precipitated by iV-allylnormorphine. The acute syndrome precipitated by IV-allylnormorphine in methadone addicts contrasts strikingly with the mild changes which are observed after abrupt withdrawal of methadone. The subjects who refused to continue with the methadone study exhibited only lethargy, anorexia, and irritability during the first week after abrupt termination of methadone administration. N-Allylnormorphine failed to precipitate abstinence phenomena 3 days after completion of withdrawal of methadone by rapid reduction in the subject who continued with the study. 

Cardiovascular Cardiac toxicity is rare. Acute myocardial infarction has been reported in patients with underlying cardiac disease [41" ]. Cardiac dysrhythmias are very rare [42" ]. In one case a 67-year-old woman with breast cancer and no cardiac history or risk factors developed a supraventricular tachycardia after an infusion of gemcitabine [43" ]. The dysrhythmia was eventually terminated with oral propranolol and no alternative precipitating cause of the event could be identified. There were no further episodes after withdrawal of the drug. 

Attacks of angioedema are associated with the generation of activated Cl (CT) in the plasma, an event which cannot be measured in normal plasma. The natural substrates of CT, C4 and C2, are consumed so that their serum concentration falls precipitously as the attack progresses. The terminal components of the complement system remain unaffected Highly purified Cl or Cls, when injected intradermally into normal skin or into patients, induces... 

Smith and Ewart [6] assume that the particles are formed by entry of primary radicals into the monomer-swollen emulsifier micelles or polymer particles where they initiate or terminate the growth events. Roe [23] assumes that the particles are formed outside the micelles. Particle formation stops when the surface of the particles has grown to such a size that the emulsifier concentration in the aqueous phase is below a critical point, somewhat lower than CMC. Fitch et al. [22,25, 67] have proposed a mechanism which implies that primary particles are formed in the aqueous phase by precipitation of oligomer radicals above a critical chain length. Such primary particles are colloidally unstable, undergoing coagulation with other primary or with large polymer particles and polymerize very slowly. 

More information about the effect of VC monomer on the polymerization process can be obtained from the copolymerization of VC. Conversion curves for the systems without or with a low VC concentration showed a sigmoidal shape typical of the classical emulsion polymerization. The addition of higher amounts of VC leads, however, to deviation from the emulsion copolymerization kinetics, i.e., the conversion curves take a shape similar to that for the solution or precipitation polymerization. These results show that growth events in the VC emulsion systems are somewhat restricted and termination becomes more efficient. 

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