Practical Plant Activators

There are two kinds of SAR activator biotic and abiotic. Biotic activators include extracts from plants and microbes. For example, excellent control of powdery mildews was observed by application of extract of Rheynoutria sachalinensis, the extracts from Bacillus subtilis have been shown to induee resistance in barley, especially against powdery mildew. It was reported that some plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria may be able to protect plants from foliar diseases when used as a seed treatment or by seed soaking. A strain of Pseudomonas was found to be able to proteet cucumber against broad spectrum of diseases. Chitosan and laminarin are two typical resistance-related biotic molecules. Biotic plant activators harpin and ComCat have been commercialized. 

we will introduce several practical or commercial plant activators. These synthetic plant activators include BTH, probenazole, INA, TDL, and some BTH analog trifluoroethyl esters that have been developed at our group.  

---

Just as safety, loss prevention, and environmental protection cannot be separated from other essential chemical plant activities, the practical application to the chemical engineering curriculum could be explained by emphasizing the consequences of poor design which could lead to injury or property damage. 

Several countries have introduced stringent emission limits (0.1 ng-TE/Nm ) for chlorinated dioxins and furans emitted from combustion sources, in particular solid waste incinerators, because of concerns over their adverse health effects. Technologies for reducing their formation and emission in incineration processes have been studied extensively and can be applied in modern incineration plants. Activated carbon injection and fabric filtration are currently practiced in many installations. However, to minimize capital cost, a more fundamental approach is needed to control and limit formation of these pollutants in incineration processes, e.g., involving the postcombustion zone, the combustion chamber, and waste feeding. ... 

Destruxins and bassianolide have no importance in practical plant protection because their recovery is cumbersome, they are highly toxic to warm-blooded animals and, moreover, they are not contact poisons. Their activity as a stomach poison is greatly limited by their antifeedant effect. They are primarily products of theoretical interest, and it is to be hoped that study of them will clarify relationships concerning the mechanism of the insecticidal and antifeedant effects, and will help elucidate the biological effect of cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics of similar structure. 

The major anions in the soil solution are CP, HCCfj SO -, and NOJ. The soil solution concentrations can indicate the sulfur and nitrogen availability for plants in those soils. In humid region soils, the anion sum rarely exceeds 0.01 M in the soil solution in arid regions the concentration can reach 0.1 M. The relative amounts of these anions vary with fertilizer and management practices, mineralogy, microbial and higher-plant activity, saltwater encroachment, irrigation water composition, and atmospheric fallout. 

Clacyfos exhibited an obvious advantage over those acylphosphinates or acy-Iphosphonates in enzyme-selective inhibition, crop safely, and effectiveness. It seems to be the first compound which shows practical herbicidal activity as a plant PDHc inhibitor. These results proved the rationality and effectiveness of our study on the biorational design of plant PDHc El inhibitor. 

Nuts have many uses, both industrial and domestic. For instance, the ivory nut, or tagua, is a source material for the manufacture of buttons and turnery articles. The kola nut supplies ingredients for popular cola beverages in the United States (see Carbonated beverages). StTychnos nux-vomica provides the important medicine and poison, strychnine. The areca or betel nut is chewed by the Indian and Malayan people as a narcotic a slice of the nut is placed in a leaf of the pepper plant Piper betle) together with a pinch of lime the mixture is an acrid, astringent narcotic that dyes the mouth red, blackens and destroys the teeth. The areca nut contains, among other alkaloids, arecoline, an active anthelminthic widely used in veterinary practice for the treatment of tapeworm infections. 

---