Power, definitions steam

An important field of study for power plants is that of the combinedplant [ 1 ]. A broad definition of the combined power plant (Fig. 1.5) is one in which a higher (upper or topping) thermodynamic cycle produces power, but part or all of its heat rejection is used in supplying heat to a lower or bottoming cycle. The upper plant is frequently an open circuit gas turbine while the lower plant is a closed circuit steam turbine together they form a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant. 

While this basic definition of cogeneration efficiency seems straightforward, complications are created by the process steam generated from waste heat recovery that can be used for power generation or process heating and that does not require any fuel to be fired in the utility system. The heat supply can be defined as the sum of the heat from fuel (both in the utility boilers and fired heaters) and steam generation from the waste heat recovery (see Figure 23.44)17 ... 

Service Facilities For a process plant, utihty services such as steam, water, electric power, fuel, compressed air, shop facilities, and a cafeteria require capital ejq)enditures. The cost of these facihties lumped together may be 10 to 20 percent of the fixed capital investment for a preliminary estimate. Note Buildings, yards, and service facihties must oe well defined to obtain a definitive or detailed estimate.)... 

In most cases, Qf ei is calculated based on the lower heating value of fuel. G,- is quantified in different units according to specifications in the marketplace, namely, Btu/h for fuel, Ib/h for steam, and kWh for power. Thus, specific FE factors can be developed as follows based on this general definition of fuel equivalent. Energy are required for making boiler feed water (BFW), condensate and cooling water. The FE factors for these utilities will be discussed in Chapter 3. 

Energy conversion efficiency 12%. A thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion system was adopted because of reliability, absence of maintenance and simple operation these are definitive advantages over steam turbine generators in spite of the inferior energy eonversion efficiency, which is not rated as very important for a small power reactor such as the RAPID. 

Cogeneration The simnltaneous production of power and other forms of useful energy— such as heat or process steam. U.S. government agencies restrict the definition of cogenera-... 

With the technical development of the steam engine, this limitation of the motive power of heat was an urgent question in the beginning of the 1800s, i.e. before the formulation of the first law. In 1824, the French engineer Sadi Carnot presented his theory on the motive power of heat - this theory later formed the basis for the second law of thermodynamics, and for the definition of the concept of entropy. 

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