Potash lye

A base is any material that produces hydroxide ions when it is dissolved in water. The words alkaline, basic, and caustic are often used synonymously. Common bases include sodium hydroxide (lye), potassium hydroxide (potash lye), and calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). The concepts of strong versus weak bases, and concentrated versus dilute bases are exactly analogous to those for acids. Strong bases such as sodium hydroxide dissociate completely while weak bases such as the amines dissociate only partially. As with acids, bases can be either inorganic or organic. Typical reactions of bases include neutralization of acids, reaction with metals, and reaction with salts ... 

Atzkali) n. caustic potash, -lauge) /. caustic potash lye, caustic potash solution. Idsung, /. caustic potash solution, -stuck) n. piece of caustic potash. 

Eali-hydrat, n. potassium hydroxide, -hydrat-I6stmg, /. potassium hydroxide solution, potash lye. -kalk, m. potash lime. Kalikodruck, m. calico printing. 

Kali-kugel, /. potash bulb, -lauge, /. potash lye, caustic potash solution, -losung, /. potash solution, -metall, n. (metallic) potassium. -olivenolseife, /. potash olive oil soap, -praparat, n. potash (or potassium) preparation. -reibe,/. (Petro. ) potash series, -roh-salz, n. crude potassium salt, -salpeter, m. 

Pottasche, /. potash (potassium carbonate), -lauge, /. potash lye. -losimg,/. potash solution. -(n)fluss, m. crude potash (from ashes), -(n)siederei,/. potash factory, pottecht, a. Dyeing) fast to potting. 

Sodium hydroxide (NaOFI), also called lye, soda lye, or caustic soda to distinguish it from potassium hydroxide (potash lye), is another important base. Flistorically, lye was obtained from the ashes of wood and used to make soap. Lye, however, is an extremely caustic chemical. It can cause serious chemical burns if it comes into contact with the skin and permanent blindness if it gets into the eyes. People had to be very careful while making the soap. They also had to make sure they got the mixture of lye and animal fat (lard) correct to keep from hurting themselves and their families. Because of its caustic (corrosive) nature, sodium hydroxide is also used as the active ingredient in oven and drain cleaners. 

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE Caustic potash, Lye Corrosive Material, 11 3 0 1 ... 

H. Erdmann s apparatus for preparing hydrogen chloride in a Kipp s apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 9. The middle bulb of the Kipp s apparatus contains pumice stone the upper and lower bulbs contain hydrochloric acid the upper end of Kipp s apparatus is closed by a rubber stopper fitted with a bulb containing potash lye. The separating funnel contains cone, sulphuric acid, and it leads to the inner bulb via a trap A containing sufficient mercury to cover the opening of the down-tube from the separatory funnel. Otherwise the diagram explains itself. A wash-bottle can be fitted to the exit tube B in the ordinary way. 

N. A. E. Millon4 prepared soln. of potassium chlorite and 8odium chlorite by adding chlorous acid slowly and gradually to a soln. of the alkali hydroxide until the product has a yellow colour. By rapidly evaporating the soln. to complete dryness, a deliquescent salt was obtained which, at 160°, decomposes into chlorate and chloride. This decomposition occurs if the soln. be slowly evaporated in vacuo. If an excess of chlorous acid is used with the potash-lye, a red liquid is obtained which gives off the acid on evaporation, and leaves a residue of the neutral salt. It has been suggested that the red liquid is a soln. of acid potassium chlorite. 

C. F. Rammelsberg24 obtained a pale-brown insoluble thallic periodate, 3Tl203.I207.30H20, by the action of periodic acid on thallic oxide, Tl2Oa. The compound is decomposed by potash lye thallous periodate has not been made. A yellowish-white precipitate is formed when thallous hydroxide is treated with periodic acid, or when sodium dimesoperiodate is added to the soln. of a thallous salt. The precipitate is reddish-yellow when dried, and appears to be a mixture of thallous and thallic iodates. 

The solubility of potassium chloride in ethyl alcohol of sp. gr. 0"939 rises from 4-0 at 0° to 118 at 60°. Similar results are obtained with other mixtures of alcohol and water. According to C. A. L. de Bruyn,32 100 grms. of 98 per cent, methyl alcohol dissolve T22 grms. of sodium chloride, and 14 grms. dissolve in 40 per cent, methyl alcohol 100 grms. of propyl alcohol of sp. gr. 0"816 dissolve 0033 grm. of sodium chloride at room temp., while potassium chloride is almost insoluble in this menstruum, and luminescence occurs when soln. of hydrogen chloride in propyl alcohol are treated with potash lye.33 At 17°, 100 mols. of acetic ether dissolve 0"31 mol. of sodium chloride, and at 40°, 0-037 mol. 

The history of the bromides dates from the discovery of bromine by A. J. Balard1 in 1824. He prepared potassium bromide by the action of bromine on potash lye, and calcined the residue remaining on evaporating the product to dryness. The bromine in sea-water may be present as alkali bromide, but more probably as magnesium bromide. It is, however, uncertain how the bromides are distributed and similar remarks apply to the bromides present in spring and mine waters. Potassium bromide is used in chemical laboratories medicinally in some nervous diseases and in photography. 

J. von Liebig s modification avoids the slow soln. of iodine, and the troublesome frothing by the escape of carbon dioxide in the later stages of the reaction. A soln. of 1 2 parts of iodine, 3 of iron, and 32 of water is mixed with a soln. of 6 parts of iodine in 12 parts of potash-lye of sp. gr. 1 345, and finally with 9 parts of the same liquid. The mixture is boiled, filtered, and evaporated to dryness. The... 

When one steeps a well-cleaned cloth in potash-lye free from sulphuric acid, and exposes it to the air in a place free from rain and dust, the cloth becomes wet and dry alternately a great many times at last it becomes dry and does not again become wet the potash with which it was impregnated, is found changed into sulphate. 

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