Sleeve Fracture

Hsu CC, Tsai WC, Chen CP, Yeh WL, Tang SF, Kuo JK (2005) Ultrasonographic examination of the normal and injured posterior cruciate ligament. J Clin Ultrasound 33 277-282 Hubner U, Schlicht W, Outzen S, Barthel M, Halsband H (2000) Ultrasound in the diagnosis of fractures in children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 82 1170-1173 Hunt DM, Somashekar N (2005) A review of sleeve fractures of the patella in children. Knee 12 3-7 Kannus P (2000) Structure of the tendon connective tissue. 

Fig. 14.14. Lateral radiograph showing a sleeve fracture of the distal pole of the patella (arrow)...

Bates DG, Hresko MT, Jaramillo D (1994) Patellar sleeve fracture demonstration with MR imaging. Radiology 193 825-827... 

Ditchfield A, Sampson MA, Taylor GR (2000) ultrasound diagnosis of sleeve fracture of the patella. Clin Radiol 55 467-469... 

Physeal fractures are Salter-Harris type I and II. They are avulsion type injuries. Younger children tend to sustain type I apophyseal avulsions where the fracture line may extend to the coronoid process almost like a sleeve fracture and not therefore break the articular surface (Fig. 18.19). Older children are more likely to sustain Salter-Harris type II equivalent injuries. A small metaphyseal flake of bone may be apparent on radiographs. 

Rose and Tucker applied their fracture model to Sleeve graphite, an extmded, medium-grain, pitchcoke nuclear graphite used for fuel sleeves in the UK AGR (see Chapter 13). The performance of the model was disappointing the predicted... 

External mechanical damage, and all dents affecting acetylene girth welds or seam welds that are known to exhibit brittle fracture characteristics, may be repaired with a full encirclement steel sleeve with ends welded to the pipe. 

Figure 4-1. Hair fiber oxidized with alkaline hydrogen peroxide for a few hours and extended to fracture in the dry state. Note that much of the cortex has been broken away from the interior of the fiber leaving a hollow sleeve of essentially cuticle layers. SEM kindly provided by Sigrid Ruetsch of Textile Research Institute/Princeton.

Following China National standards of GB 474-83 and to maximize sample size, the coal sample is prepared as a cylindrical shape with 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height, and is numbered as CZ-1. In order to avoid destroying for partly stress overburden and to smooth the sample, the procedure of filling the fractures and flattening the surface with plaster must be done first. After that, the sample needs to be put into a vacuum oven for several days to remove the moisture, measuring weight twice a day to make sure it is totally dry. Moreover, the sample needs to be wrapped with a thin lead foil then a rubber sleeve before it is installed in the cell. 

Research Centre (MERC) in collaboration with Remspec Inc. The ATR head consists of a three-inch zinc selenide (ZnSe) crystal, attached to the fiber optic cables, and is held in place by a mechanical seal housed within a plastic sleeve. The perforated stainless steel cover protects the ZnSe crystal, and the fibers are insulated to avoid freeze-fracture. The length of the crystal... 

Sleeve avulsion fractures are a particular form of avulsion injury seen in the unossified skeleton which differs from avulsions in adults because the sleeve of periosteum which is pulled off can continue to form bone if not treated. The typical location is at the lower pole of the patella, but the upper pole of the patella, the olecranon and the medial epicondyle can also be affected. Ultrasound demonstrates a sleeve of cartilage that has been avulsed usually with a small fragment of bone (Hunt and Somashekar 2005). In some cases a double cortical sign may be present, indicating elevation of a superficial layer of cortex from the underlying bone. There maybe associated haemarthrosis and patella alta (Fig. 4.14). 

Salter-Harris I and II injuries which are reducible and stable can be treated in a long-leg cast non-weight bearing for 6-8 weeks. This may fail if a sleeve of periosteum becomes interposed within the physis (Sponsellar and Beaty 1996). Unstable or irreducible fractures or SH III and IV injuries require open reduction and internal fixation, preferably using cannulated screw fixation. 

They are also stable against imprinting of the sleeve fitting or Fingertight. They are pleasant to handle and the respective i.d.s are color-coded. However, with these capillaries there is a risk that the glass inside can fracture or break. Their high price has prevented ubiquitous deployment. 

The mechanics of the pull-out of a strand was studied by special techniques to evaluate individual filaments within the strand. Zhu and Bartos [37] used for that purpose a micro-push off technique, which was used to load individual filaments in the strand and determine their resistance. Banholzer and Brameshuber [32-34] developed a novel test in which pull-out loading and imaging of the individual filaments could be carried out simultaneously, to observe the filaments which were fractured during the test. Both studies confirmed earlier reports (for more details see Sections 8.4 and 8.5) of a sleeve-core failure mechanism, where the external filaments (sleeve), which are better bonded to the matrix, tend to fracture, while the internal ones (core), undergo pull-out (Figure 13.8), in a mode which was described by Bartos [38] as a telescopic mode of pull-out. Banholzer and Brameshuber [32-34] demonstrated the parallel trend between the pull-out resistance and the number of filaments which remain active (i.e. the non-fractured filaments) as a... 

A 12-in. gas pipeline in South Sumatra, Indonesia was found to be cracked and leaking and in need of urgent repair. A composite repair sleeve was considered to provide structural integrity and to prevent a running fracture from the longitudinal crack within the maximum operating pressure of 1200 psi (83 bars). 

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