Post-war period

Eddy currents The examination of non-ferrous tubing using external coils is a well-tried and successful inspection technique, owing mainly to the pioneering work of Forster in Germany. The adoption of this method for in-situ inspection of condenser tubes, by mounting eddy-current coils in probes (or bobbins) that can be inserted in condenser tubes, was a logical development of the technique. Suitable apparatus was developed in the immediate post-war period more or less independently by several oil and chemical companies. The principle of operation has been described in the literature... 

However, it became evident in the post-war period that, valuable as they were, these band-structure concepts could not be applied even qualitatively to key systems of industrial interest notably steels, nickel-base alloys, and other emerging materials such as titanium and uranium alloys. This led to a resurgence of interest in a more general thermodynamic approach both in Europe (Meijering 1948, Hillert 1953, Lumsden 1952, Andrews 1956, Svechnikov and Lesnik 1956, Meijering 1957) and in the USA (Kaufman and Cohen 1956, Weiss and Tauer 1956, Kaufman and Cohen 1958, Betterton 1958). Initially much of the work related only to relatively simple binary or ternary systems and calculations were performed largely by individuals, each with their own methodology, and there was no attempt to produce a co-ordinated framework. 

New developments have been made in the photographic and optical field with the design of more sophisticated lenses. The lanthanum optical glasses with a high index of refraction and low dispersion have been an outgrowth of the post war period. 

A comparison of table 6.7 with the comparable figures in tables 1.1, 3.2 and 5.3 shows that in the post-war period defence took up a higher proportion of GDP down to 1968/9 than had been the case in the ten years before the First World War or in the years 1920/1 to 1936/7 inclusive. Moreover, whereas the rise in defence expenditure in the late 1930s had been at a time of high unemployment, the competition between civil and military use of labour and capital was much greater in conditions of full employment after the Second World War. In these circumstances economic analysis suggests that defence expenditure contributed to Britain s slower economic growth compared with countries that devoted less of GDP to defence. A study of fourteen advanced... 

The importance of stimulating innovation can be seen by looking at the introduction of new polymers. Over the course of the 20th century, the development of fossil fuel-based polymers increased steadily up to the post-war period, stimulated by the abundance and low cost of basic petrochemicals. However, it has declined dramatically since 1960. Innovation in the traditional polymer industry today is mainly related to the application and blending of existing polymers. 

The real breakthrough of interstellar chemistry belongs to the post-war period and depended on the development of radioastronomy and microwave technologies that opened up quite new perspectives in celestial chemistry. However, since this modern phase only started in 1963 (with the detection of the radio signature of OH),... 

Whenever [in the immediate post-war period] there was any talk of the Final Solution of the Jewish Question in the sense of an alleged physical extermination of the Jews ordered by the leadership of the Third Reich, no distinction was made between the individual concentration camps. All were supposed to have been used in this monstrous murder program, since — as was explained — every concentration camps was alleged to have possessed one or more gas chambers, in which Jews were said to have been killed using ZyHon B or carbon monoxide. ... 

It is worth remarking that the technique for killing which was also claimed for the extermination camp Belzec during the war and during the immediate post-war period, does not agree with the version later sanctioned by the official historiography. 

Such prankery, proto-Situationist, anti-spectacular but fully spectacularized, seeded a movement. Offensive shock and the trashing of conventional values are not confined to the rarefied zone of the art world in the post-war period. One example provides a lesson on value from various perspectives. On 22 August 1994 Jim Cauty and Bill Drummond, The k Foundation, travelled to the island of Jura off the west coast of ScotJand with a suitcase containing 1,000,000 in new 50 notes. Two others accompanied them as witnesses to the deed they were about to commit. In the early hours of the next morning... 

The attention of the young lady who desires to take up glassblowing, either as a career or as a required subject for a technician s certificate, is drawn to the competency of the large numbers of lady glassblowers employed during the war years. There is no doubt that their numbers have increased considerably in the post-war period. 

Research carried out in the latter part of the war and continued in the post-war period has shown that the introduction of certain radicles into the molecules of these substances considerably increases their aggressive power. The entry of the NO -group into the benzene nucleus in the ortho-position to the side chain containing the halogen, and the introduction of the CN-group into the halogenated side chain itself are particularly efficacious. 

S dibromoethyl sulphide was examined as a possible war gas only in the post-war period (Muller). Although having similar physiopathological properties to dichloroethyl sulphide, it has some disadvantages as a war gas, especially from the manufacturing point of view (Hanslian). 

Of the ahphatic arsines, only ethyl dichloroarsine has been widely employed as a war gas and is considered as the typical substance for use in projectiles. Methyl dichloroarsine is classed by some German authors as a substance which was studied in the post-war period, but according to an American authority it was actually employed by the Allies towards the end of the war, though only in small quantity. ... 

This substance was prepared in 1880 by La Coste and Michaelis, but was tested as a war gas only in the post-war period. 

It is perhaps hard for modern chemists to appreciate how difficult and painstaking structure determination could be, even in the post-war period. The advent of NMR spectroscopy in the sixties and seventies has revolutionized the field so that if a new fungal metabolite is discovered today, its structure can be worked out in a matter of days rather than a matter of years. 

The realized market risk premium (over the risk-free rate) is highly volatile over time, while expected risks are assumed to be stable over long periods. Therefore, the market risk premium is typically estimated over a long period of time (198). Myers and Shyam-Sunder found an arithmetic mean of 8.7 percent for excess market return over the Treasury bill rate for the period 1926-89 (285). The market risk premium declined in the post-war period, however, and the premium for the period 1947-88 was 8.3 percent (285). 

In the immediate post-war period, responsibility for export sales generally lay in the hands of an export department or an overseas division. Working with sales agents in a number of countries, these depart-... 

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