Waste post-industrial

ICI Polyurethanes and du Vergier are evaluating a PU recycling method. The three-year project aims to use a pilot plant to demonstrate the practicality of the split-phase glycolysis process that ICI has developed. Work will initially focus on flexible foams based on MDI and specially made at Id s Rozenberg plant. In the second phase, the unit will use post-industrial waste. Assuming the trials are successful, a full-scale unit to handle at least 5000 t/y of scrap foam will be built. 

Post-industrial waste and sorted post-consumer wastes (PCW) are suitable raw materials. However, they contain different amounts of inhomogeneities formed during the service life and non-polymeric impurities. These contaminants account for differences in mechanical properties and ageing resistance between recyclates and the respective virgin plastics. Recycled plastics are often used in low-grade applications, and it is generally believed that the mechanical performance of recyclates is lower than that of virgin materials. 

Profile material has been successfully subjected to repeated extrusion to investigate the effect of loss of properties and durability when PVC waste is reprocessed. Colour deterioration was the main issue (indicating a need for a virgin cap material to retain colour, if necessary) (211). Fence posts based on a core of recycled PVC, enclosed in a virgin cap skin, have been developed. At present, this depends on post industrial waste, such as off-cuts and off specification profile materials as the source (99). Arecycling project, for vinyl sidings in the USA, has also been conducted (397) (www.vinylinfo.org). 

These use post-industrial waste (PIW) and some post-consumer waste (PCW) in their middle plies. They can be faced with better quality facing materials and may or may not have a quality backing used for low-grade small boxes and cartons. 

In 1993, collaboration between Patagonia and Malden Mills (now Polartec) led to the early development of recycled polyester fibre (from Wellman Inc.) for use in Synchilla fleece made from plastic soda bottles that diverted waste from landfills. Later, PCR filament yam was made for linings and shell fabrics from 30% to 50% post-consumer materials (bottles, polyester uniforms, tents and garments) with the remainder sourced from post-industrial waste. Clothes, at end of life, if constituted from one fibre type, can be recyclable. In theory, consumers may return a polyester garment to be forwarded to a processor to be re-made into fibre or downgraded to other forms of plastic. 

Some of the recycled nylon we use comes from post-industrial waste fibre, yarn collected from a spinning factory, and waste from the weaving mills that can be processed into reusable nylon fibre. Another recycled nylon fibre we are experimenting with is re-created from discarded industrial fishing nets. 

Kip B. J., Peters E. A. T., Happel J., Huth-Fehre T. and Kowol F. (1999), Method of identifying post consumer or post industrial waste carpet utilizing a hand-held infrared spectrometer , US Patent 5 952 660. 

Like polyester, virgin nylon fibre is made from crude oil. Recycled nylon comes from post-industrial waste fibre and yam collected from spinning and processed into reusable nylon fibre. The benefits of recycling nylon come from the reduced energy needed to produce the final fibre, reduced dependence on oil, and the diversion of waste from landfills. The final product can be recycled again at the end of its life. 

It has been demonstrated and described in a previous presentation that this post industrial waste material can be recycled, the present paper will demonstrate that this recyclate can be claimed to be a new vinyl based composite. The present paper will also demonstrate advantages of using modified extrusion technology to recycle wallpaper continuously without degradation of base components. With properties characterisation and evaluation it will be demonstrated that this material can have different applications compared with vinyl wallpaper. 

Khait, K., Reconstituted polymeric materials derived from post-consumer waste, industrial scrap and virgin resins made by solid state pulverization, US patent, 5,814,673, 1998. 

Ehrlich, G.G., Godsy, E.M., Pascale, C.A., and Vecchioli, J., Chemical changes in an industrial waste liquid during post-injection movement in a limestone aquifer, Pensacola, Florida, Groundwater, 17, 562-573, 1979. 

According to the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers, the PVC industry in Europe is hoping to achieve a recycling rate of 10 to 15% for post-consumer waste by 2010. This would require the recycling of an additional 350,000 to 600,000 tonnes of PVC. A run-down of recycling technologies in the latest report of Vinyl 2010 indicates that the industry has much to do to meet this target. EUROPEAN COUNCIL OF VINYL MANUFACTURERS... 

Fitt recycles the plastic which covers electrical and phone wires, both industrial waste and post-use. The separation and purification process operates without the use of chemicals, but uses the differential gravitational, electrical and magnetic behaviour of the materials to be separated. PVC and PE thus obtained can be reused in a range of products, including garden hoses and reinforced pipes for washing machines. 

Although direct liquefaction of waste plastic looked promising, problems associated with impurities (paper, aluminum, etc.) and chlorine derived from PVC caused operational difficulties. Consequently, it currently appears that the first step of any feedstock recycling process for waste plastics or tires should be pyrolysis, which allows much easier separation of solid impurities and chlorine. Research on pyrolysis of post-consumer plastic has been carried out by Kaminsky and co-workers [17, 18], Conrad Industries [19, 20], and Shah et al. [21]. Shah et al. [21] conducted pyrolysis experiments on relatively dirty post-consumer waste plastic obtained from the DSD. The pyrolysis oils were then subjected to hydroprocessing to convert them into high-quality transportation fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel). 

In some cases, the advantage of a sustainable product is specific and readily observable by the customer, such as a Post-it Recycled Paper Notes, made with 100 percent recycled paper fiber (20 percent post-consumer waste). 3M paint replacement films, which allow automobile and aircraft manufacturers to reduce their use of paints and solvents, are an example of an industrial application where the customer is striving to achieve its own sustainability goals. 

Fig. 8-12. Analysis of heavy and transition metals in industrial waste water. — Separator column IonPac CS5 eluent 0.05 mol/L oxalic acid + 0.095 mol/L LiOH flow rate 1 mL/min detection photometry at 520 nm after post-column reaction with PAR injection 50 pL waste water (1 50 diluted).

Worried by headlines concerning an earlier industrial waste site in the area, the residents then clamoured for government intervention. As a result of the Presidential order, some 950 families were evacuated. Laws determining how to dispose of unwanted chemicals began to be introduced. But in the post evacuation scientific inquiries, researchers did not find any evidence of an abnormal incidence of cancers or other maladies among the former residents. They did, however, find evidence of indirect psychological damage traceable to sensational media reports. 

Mixing different raw materials, additives, and binders, agglomerating the blend, and subjecting the product to different post-treatment methods to achieve special properties is known as material engineering. Industrial wastes can be included in such raw materials and additives can produce, for example, a fluxed feed for metallurgical operations, secondary raw materials with predetermined alloying ingredients, or smokeless fuels (Sections 6.8, 6.9, and 6.10). 

Before discussing the fundamentals of blending, it seems appropriate to complete this Introduction with brief discussion of three, widely different areas of plastics recycling Commercial recycled resins. Plastics recycling in the automotive industry, and Polymeric post-consumer waste recycling. 

The method of hydrolysis used in the CUT-method offers an efficient and economical way of processing plastic waste, both post-consumer municipal waste and industrial waste, contaminated with a cellulose component. The presence of cellulose gives a desired stiffness to the final product, as studies have shown [4,5]. Such plastics product can be used in several applications, such as artificial wood. 

Over 16 million tons of post-user plastics waste is produced in Western Europe every year and more than half is produced by households (Table 4.1). Although many items of packaging are re-used at least once (notably carrier bags and bottles), this does little to reduce the burden on the municipal waste collection systems. The source of packaging waste is not always clear in published statistics. Stretch-wrap film used for packaging hay is not classified as agricultural waste nor does it appear as industrial waste but it is a severe pollution problem for the farmer and a visual blight in the countryside. 

Blending of polyolefins is increasingly used to produce usable materials from polymer waste, to improve the processing and to retain the good thermal and mechanical properties. Blend prepared from virgin and/or recycled components is a well-established strategy to handle post-consumer and post-industrial polymeric wastes. HOPE and PP constitute a significant portion of post-consumer waste [29]. 

Compared to virgin material, the mechanical properties are worse, mainly due to polymer contamination. Furthermore, the fluctuations in properties of post-industrial and postconsumer waste are similar. In general, the fluctuations within waste materials are high compared to virgin plastics, with post-industrial plastic waste having smaller fluctuations than postconsumer plastic waste. 

Staikos, T., Rahimifard, S., 2007. Post-consumer waste management issues in the footwear industry. Eng. Manuf. 221, 363-368. 

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