Surface cluster

First we look at the simpler case of the shrinking of a single cluster of radius R at two-phase coexistence. Assume that the phase inside this cluster and the surrounding phase are at thermodynamic equilibrium, apart from the surface tension associated with the cluster surface. This surface tension exerts a force or pressure inside the cluster, which makes the cluster energetically unfavorable so that it shrinks, under diffusive release of the conserved quantity (matter or energy) associated with the order parameter. 

However, uniform electric fields, normal to the cluster surface, were also investigated.83 In both cases (point charges and uniform fields) two effects were examined ... 

Theoretical Chemistry of Gold - From Atoms to Molecules, Clusters, Surfaces and the Solid State... 

The STS measurements were performed at two different positions of the cluster surface, as is indicated by (a) and (b). (a) indicates a position above a phenyl ring of a PPh3 ligand molecule and the position (b) is above a non-covered area. These two measurements were necessary to eliminate a possible influence of the aromatic rings. Instead of the usual /-(/-characteristic, here dljdV was used instead of /. The Coulomb blockade then appears as a broad minimum exhibiting important details, as can be seen in Figure 15. 

The interaction of adsorbed thiol molecules with gold nanoparticles as a function of the mean particle size has also been studied [180]. Monochromated X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (MXPS) measurements showed the attachment of the thiol sulfur headgroup onto the cluster surface leading to a positive BE shift in the Au 4f corelevel. No line width broadening could be observed indicating that the thiol-gold interaction affects the whole... 

As long as the spacer molecules are not covalently bound to the cluster surface and the spacer molecules have no delocalized rc-electron system along their backbone between their termini, this relation is valid. The respective activation energy drops as soon as covalently linking species, equipped with delocalized n electrons... 

B. Kvamme. Mechanisms for initiation of hydrate from liquid water Liquid phase clustering, surface adsorbtion, or what In Proceedings Volume, pages 306-310. New York Acad Sci et al Natur Gas Hydrates Int Conf (New Paltz, NY, 6/20-6/24), 1993. 

The tetrahedral nickel isonitrile cluster Ni4(CNR)7 (R = cyclohexyl or f-Bu) contains three bridging isonitrile ligands and a terminal one at each nickel (52) the bridging ligands are mobile on the cluster surface and a ligand dissociation step occurs (33, 390, 391). 

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