X rays portable

Ytterbium metal has possible use in improving the grain refinement, strength, and other mechanical properties of stainless steel. One isotope is reported to have been used as a radiation source substitute for a portable X-ray machine where electricity is unavailable. Few other uses have been found. 

Portable x-ray energy dispersive sulphur in oil analyser ASE-1 with measurement range 0.015 - 5% and a detection limit near 0.001%. SPARK-1-2M, BRA-17-02 and ASE-1 have been certified as measuring... 

Desnica, V. and Schreiner, M. (2006). A LabVIEW-controlled portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for the analysis of art objects. X-Ray Spectrometry 35 280-286. 

Bernick MB, Getty D, Prince G, Sprenger M. Statistical evaluation of field-portable X-ray fluorescence soil preparation methods. J. Hazard. Mater. 1995 43 111-116. 

For many of the analytical techniques discussed below, it is necessary to have a source of X-rays. There are three ways in which X-rays can be produced in an X-ray tube, by using a radioactive source, or by the use of synchrotron radiation (see Section 12.6). Radioactive sources consist of a radioactive element or compound which spontaneously produces X-rays of fixed energy, depending on the decay process characteristic of the radioactive material (see Section 10.3). Nuclear processes such as electron capture can result in X-ray (or y ray) emission. Thus many radioactive isotopes produce electromagnetic radiation in the X-ray region of the spectrum, for example 3He, 241Am, and 57Co. These sources tend to produce pure X-ray spectra (without the continuous radiation), but are of low intensity. They can be used as a source in portable X-ray devices, but can be hazardous to handle because they cannot be switched off. In contrast, synchrotron radiation provides an... 

Eco Logic is considering other approaches to address the removal of agent heels from projectiles. Heels may not be present in every projectile. One potential alternative is the use of systems such as portable x-ray analyzers to nondestructively characterize projectiles that have heels for segregation in the storage facility. This approach could minimize unnecessary processing in the PWS of projectiles not having heels. 

Promethium produces beta rays (high-energy electrons). These beta rays are used to produce nuclear-powered batteries to provide electricity for spacecraft, as well as long-term usage for up to five years in regions without electricity. It also could be used as a source of portable X-rays, as a gauge to measure the thickness of various materials, and to produce special lasers that can communicate with submarines. 

Thulium is relatively scarce and expensive, which hmits its commercial uses. Thulium-170, which is a radioactive isotope of thuhum produced by fission in nuclear reactors, can be used as small, portable X-ray sources. It also has limited use as an alloy metal with other metals and has experimentally been used in lasers. (Note Of all the isotopes of thuhum, only thuhum-169 is stable and nonradioactive.)... 

There is not much commercial use for ytterbium. Radioactive ytterbium can be used for a small portable X-ray source and as an alloy to make special types of strong steel. The oxides of ytterbium are used to make lasers and some synthetic gemstones. 

Application of field-portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometers in mineral exploration, with examples from the Abitibi Greenstone Belt... 

Keywords portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry, portable xrf, geochemistry, chemostratigraphy, Abitibi... 

Promethium has very limited applications. It is used in phosphor hghts to produce signals. Also, it is used as a beta particle source for thickness gages, nuclear batteries, and portable x-ray units. 

The metal has very little commercial use. In elemental form it is a laser source, a portable x-ray source, and as a dopant in garnets. When added to stainless steel, it improves grain refinement, strength, and other properties. Some other applications, particularly in oxides mixed with other rare earths, are as carbon rods for industrial hghting, in titanate insulated capacitors, and as additives to glass. The radioactive isotope ytterbium-169 is used in portable devices to examine defects in thin steel and aluminum. The metal and its compounds are used in fundamental research. 

Important scientific and industrial applications for thulium and its compounds remain to be developed. In particular, the photoelectric, semiconductor, and thermoelectric properties of the element and compounds, particularly behavior in the near-infrared region of the spectrum, are being studied. Thulium has been used in phosphors, ferrite bubble devices, and catalysis. Irradiated thulium (169Tm) is used in a portable x-ray unit. 

Speakman, R. J. Popelka, R. S. Glascock, M. D. Robertson, J. D. Report. Analysis of Obsidian Artifacts from Southern Peru Using a Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, University of Missouri Research Reactor Center Columbia, MO, 2005. 

Field portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of elemental concentrations in soil and sediment 6010, 6020, 7000 10 to 200 mg/kg... 

US Environmental Protection Agency, Method 6200 Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescent Spectrometry for the Determination of Elemental Concentrations in Soil and Sediment, SW-846, Draft Update IVA, 1998f. 

Portable X-ray fluorescence detection system. Identification of different non-nuclear materials under field conditions. 

Americium-241 is the only isotope of americium of any practical interest. When it decays, it gives off both alpha rays and gamma rays. Alpha rays do not travel very far in air, but gamma rays are very penetrating, much like X rays. The gamma rays from americium-241 are used in portable X-ray machines that can, for example, be taken into oil fields to help determine where new wells should be dug. 

Thulium-170, a radioactive isotope of thulium, has been used in portable X-ray machines for use in medical and dental procedures. This isotope gives off gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is very similar to X rays. They pass through soft tissues in the body like X rays. But they are blocked by bones and other thick materials. So a small amount of thulium-170 acts just like a tiny X-ray machine. It can be carried around more easily than can a big X-ray machine. Another radioactive isotope of thulium, thulium-171, may have some application as an energy source. 

Studies have been done on one radioactive isotope of ytterbium— ytterbium-169—for possible use in a portable X-ray machine. This isotope gives off gamma radiation, which is similar to X rays. Gamma rays... 

Use Lasers, dopant for garnets, portable X-ray source, chemical research. 

A. Argyraki, M.H. Ramsey, and P.J. Potts, Evaluation of Portable X-ray Fluorescence Instrumentation for In situ Measurements of Lead on Contaminated Land, Analyst, 122(8), 743-749, Aug. (1997). 

Fig. 3.10 Portable X-ray fluorescence instrument measuring composition of pigment in mural...

An army medic takes an x ray of a simulated injury during a field test of an atom-powered portable x-ray unit. Portable x-ray units are powered by thulium, obviating the need for electricity. 

Thulium metal is soft, ductile, and malleable and can be cut with a knife. It tarnishes when in contact with air and reacts with water. Thuhum has very few commercial uses. Radioactive thulium can be utihzed as a power source for portable x-ray machines and is produced by irradiating the element in a nuclear reactor. Thulium may also be utihzed to make magnetic ceramic materials found in microwave equipment, see also Cleve, Per Theodore. 

EINECS 231-173-2 Ytterbium, Metallic element, valencies 2 and 3 used in lasers, dopant for garnets, portable x-ray source, chemical research. Metal d = 6.977 has face-centered or body-centered cubic structure. Atomergic Chemetals Cerac Rhdne-Poulenc Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chem. 

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