POLYVINYLCHLORIDE PVC

PVC was first synthesized by Regnault in 1835. The first patent on vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) polymerization was granted in 1912 to Ostromislensky. However, to make commercially viable articles, PVC must be stabilized and either plasticized or blended. In 1927, B. F. Goodrich started production of plasticized PVC, Vinylite (Semon 1933). 

The first patented PVC alloys were prepared by latex blending with PVAc and poly(vinylchloride-co-vinylacetate) (PVCAc) (Voss, and Dickhauser 1930, 1933, 1935, 1936). 1. G. Farbenindustrie commercialized PVC extruder blended with polyacrylic ester - the so-called rigid formulation (Fikentscher and Heuce 1930 Fikentscher and Wolff 1931). TroluloicF and Astralotf were the first commercial thermoplastic polymer blends. 

The most common acrylic, PMMA, shows limited miscibility with chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., PVDC, PVC, CPVC, or CPE). The miscibility depends on the type of chlorinated polymer, tacticity of PMMA, and molecular weights 

Butadiene-MMA-styrene copolymta- (MBS, Acryloid ) Fuji and Ohtsuka 1954 

MBS with controlled size of the elastraneric particles, transparent Saito 1975 

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Currently representing one of the four leading polymers (developed in 1936), PVC appears when one hydrogen atom in ethyl- 

The polymer characterization deals with the molecular weight and size of the particles. As regards to molecular weight it is customary to use a parameter obtained from relative viscosity measurements of dilute solutions, termed the K-value. The common range is 40 to 70, corresponding to M = 20,000 -50,000 and = 50,000 - 260,000. The molecular weight distribution is apparently rather narrow. The size and distribution of the particles as well as 

Items made of PVC may be bonded through welding (hot air) or by glues 

In case of thin films it is convenient to use dielectric heating at high frequency which is mainly suitable for PVC due to its high electrical loss factor. 

Another modification is reached by adding chlorine—chlorinated PVC or CPVC—which serves as pipeline for hot water supply, but is also very sensitive to thermal degradation. Various copolymers are based on vinyl chloride with a second component, mostly, being vinylidene chloride CH2=C CI2 (called also Saran) or vinyl acetate  

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Fig. 24.1. (a) A copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate the "alloy" pocks less regularly, has a lower Tg, and is less brittle than simple polyvinylchloride (PVC). (b) A block copolymer the two different molecules in the alloy ore clustered into blocks along the chain. 

Thermal effects, including the dehydrohalogenation of polymers such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) can also occur. However, these effects are the exception and for the most part, XPS can be considered a non-destructive technique for surface characterization. 

In the field of plastics, the annual production of polyvinylchloride (PVC) is second only to polyethylene. PVC has long been used in various areas, ranging from agriculture and industry to medical equipment and daily life, due to its well-developed production techniques, easy processing, and low price. However, PVC has its own disadvantages, mainly its low stability toward heat and ultraviolet (UV) light. Also, pure PVC is a very hard material that cannot be easily processed and practically used. Common PVC plastics contain various amounts of plasticizers and other additives, including modifiers, stabilizers, and lubricants. 

A better combination of fiber and polymer is achieved by an impregnation of [44] the reinforcing fabrics with polymer matrixes compatible with the polymer. Polymer solutions [40,45] or dispersions [46] of ]ow viscosity are used for this purpose. For a number of interesting polymers, the lack of solvents limits the use of the method of impregnation [44]. When cellulose fibers are impregnated with a bytyl benzyl phthalate plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) dispersion, excellent partitions can be achieved in polystyrene (PS). This significantly lowers the viscosity of the compound and the plasticator and results in cosolvent action for both PS and PVC [46]. 

When the vinyl chloride molecule polymerizes, polyvinylchloride (PVC) is the result. 

Write the structural formulas of the monomers of each of the following polymers, for which one repeating unit is shown (a) polyvinylchloride (PVC), —(CHC1CH,),— (b) Kel-F, —(CFC1CF,),—. 

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Piping, floor tile, clothing 5.6 Polystyrene (Styrofoam)Containers, heat insulators2.9 Styrene-butadiene Tires, fibers 2.0... 

Although they have an endless variety of properties, polymers can be divided into three general categories, based on their form and resistance to stretching. These are plastics, fibers, and elastomers. Plastics differ in form from fibers whereas plastics exist as blocks or sheets, fibers have been drawn into long threads. Unlike plastics or fibers, elastomers can be stretched without breaking. Polyethylene packaging films and polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe are examples of plastics. Orion carpets are made from polymer fibers, and mbber bands are elastomers. Some polymers, such as Nylon, can be formed into both plastics and fibers. 

Transition from liquid behavior to solid behavior has been reported with fine particle suspensions with increased filler content in both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. Industrially important classes are rubber-modified polymer melts (small rubber particles embedded in a polymer melt), e.g. ABS (acrylo-nitrile-butadiene-styrene) or HIPS (high-impact polystyrene) and fiber-reinforced polymers. Another interesting suspension is present in plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) at low temperatures, when suspended PVC particles are formed in the melt [96], The transition becomes evident in the following... 

Widenor, W. M. "Model Fire Tests on Polyphosphazene Rubber and Polyvinylchloride (PVC)/Nitrile Rubber Foams"... 

Tubes made by polyvinylchloride (PVC), Teflon, silicone, or any other similar material (with internal diameter between 0.1 and 2.5 mm) are usually used to transfer analytical streams along the manifold. A shortcoming of most tubes is that they are not suitable to transfer all kinds of organic solvents. They also... 

Fig. 1 Chemical structures of the polymers commonly used for preparation of beads poly (styrene-co-maleic acid) (=PS-MA) poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) (=PMMA-MA) poly(acrylonitrile-co-acrylic acid) (=PAN-AA) polyvinylchloride (=PVC) polysulfone (=PSulf) ethylcellulose (=EC) cellulose acetate (=CAc) polyacrylamide (=PAAm) poly(sty-rene-Wocfc-vinylpyrrolidone) (=PS-PVP) and Organically modified silica (=Ormosil). PS-MA is commercially available as an anhydride and negative charges on the bead surface are generated during preparation of the beads...

The name of a polymer is usually written with the prefix poly-(meaning many ) before the name of the monomer. Often the common name of the monomer is used, rather than the lUPAC name. For example, the common name of ethene is ethylene. Polyethene, the polymer that is made from ethene, is often called polyethylene. Similarly, the polymer that is made from chloroethene (common name vinyl chloride) is named polyvinylchloride (PVC). The polymer that is made from propene monomers (common name propylene) is commonly called polypropylene, instead of polypropene. 

Limited compatibility to standard polymers. Ecoflex is incompatible to standard polymers like polyolefins, polystyrene and polyvinylchloride (PVC), forming large domains in blends with standard polymers. 

The diffusivity of cases varies widely. Phelan and Webb [1] quote Mark and Kroschwitz [5] to illustrate that a natural rubber case may have a diffusion rate of explosive molecules about 9 orders of magnitude greater than a polyvinylchloride (PVC) case under the same conditions. However, there seem to be many more munitions with PVC than natural rubber cases. Most nonmetallic munition cases fall in between these extremes. 

Having obtained a suitable calibration for our system, the next step was to chromatograph a number of polymers of different chemical types having known MWs, namely polyvinylchloride (PVC), polysulphone, broad-MWD PMMA and both linear and... 

The largest volume of polymeric materials used for wire and cable insulation are thermoplastics, namely, polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylchloride (PVC), and to a lesser degree elastomeric compounds. The main reason for the prevalence of PE and PVC in wire and cable insulation is their easy processing and relatively... 

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