Polyvinyl chloride phthalates

Also, Daterman s data (12) on change of release rate with time for Z9-12 Ac in polyvinyl chloride-phthalate pellets demonstrated a first order loss mechanism. 

L.G. Krauskopf, "Monomerics for Polyvinyl Chloride (Phthalate, Adipates and Trimellitates)", in Plastics Additives and Modifiers Handbook, J. Edenbaum, ed., VanNostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992, p. 373. 

Vinyl Surgical Glove Polyvinyl Chloride, Cioctyl Phthalate... 

El-Abbes Faouzi et al. [77] determined the stability of miconazole in various diluents and polyvinyl chloride containers, and the release of diethyl hexyl phthalate from the polyvinyl chloride bags into the intravenous infusion of miconazole. 

Polyvinyl chloride, cioctyl phthalate Cellosolve acetate... 

Pyrolysis of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the presence of polyvinyl chloride at 600 °C produced the following compounds methylindene, naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, biphenyl, dimethylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, methylacenaphthene, methylfluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, methylphenanthrene, methylanthracene, methylpyrene or fluoranthene, and 17 unidentified compounds (Bove and Dalven, 1984). 

At a concentration of 5 to 25 wt %, increased the effective kill-life of the lindane spray up to 10 times. May have been used in chlordane and BHC insecticide formulations. In polyurethane resin adhesive adhesive containing 16 wt % PCB-1254. Also in formulations plasticized with 3 parts dioctyl phthalate and 1 part PCB-1254 to increase chemical resistance of various polyvinyl chloride (Monsanto, 1960.)... 

Schulsinger C, Mollgaard K Polyvinyl chloride dermatitis not caused by phthalates. Contact Derm 6 477-480, 1980... 

Polyvinyl chloride can be shaped into clear, soft flexible tubing and sheets with the aid of using plasticizers such as diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Polyvinyl chloride resins are used for children s toys, automobile seat covers, and for catheters used for intravenous transfusion of blood and nutrients in hospitals and homes. When DEHP was suspected of leaching out of the products, and of being a carcinogen, substitutions were developed with polyvinylacetate and polyethylene. However, these substitutes are not yet totally satisfactory, as they cannot be steam sterilized, and they are not as clear and flexible as PVC. 

Satake et al. reported the use of a coated wire electrode sensitive to procaine and other local anesthetic cations, and their application to potentiometric determination [73]. Electrodes were constructed from a copper wire (0.8 mm diameter), coated with a PVC membrane comprising a mixture of the drug-tetraphenylborate ion-pair, dioctyl phthalate, polyvinyl chloride, and tetrahydrofuran. Potential measurement was made with respect to a Ag-AgCl reference electrode. The electrodes showed linear responses with a Nemstian slope for procaine over the concentration range investigated. The method was used for analyses of the drug in pharmaceutical preparations. 

Although some polymers may be satisfactory when used under the stress of static loads, they may fail when subjected to impact. The impact resistance, or resistance to brittle fracture, is a function of the molecular weight of a polymer. Thus uhmwpe is much more resistant to impact failure than general purpose high-density polyethylene (hdpe). The impact resistance of brittle polymers is also increased by the addition of plasticizers. Thus polyvinyl chloride (PVC), plasticized by relatively large amounts of dioctyl phthalate, is much less brittle than unplasticized rigid PVC. 

Intractable polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), may be flexibilized, to some extent, by the formation of copolymers, such as the copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate or octyl acrylate, or by the addition of nonvolatile low-molecular-weight compounds (plasticizers) having solubility parameters similar to those of the polymer. Thus PVC is plasticized by the addition of dioctyl phthalate. The flexibility of these products is proportional to the amount of plasticizer added. Copolymers, such as the vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, require less plasticizer to obtain the same degree of flexibility. 

Jaeger, R.J. Rubin, R.J. (1972) Migration of a phthalate ester plasticizer from polyvinyl chloride blood bags into stored human blood and its localization in human tissues. New Engl. J. Med., 287, 1114-1118... 

While not mandatory from regulatory guidehnes, much research has been carried out to investigate the extractability of plastic additives in contact with a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, mainly those for parenteral use. The research concentrates on the extractability of plasticizer phthalates, mainly di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) into the blood, blood components, and infusion solutions. The purpose for these studies lies in its, up to now, controversial hazardous effects on humans. The amount of additive necessary to turn rigid PVC into a flexible material (40% m/m) and the absence of chemical bonds between the polymer and the plasticizer make it a potentially extractable species. 

Venkataramanan, R., Burckart, G. J., Ptachcinski, R. J., Blaha, R., Logue, L.W., Bahnson, A., Giam, C., and Brady, J. E. (1986), Leaching of diethyl phthalate from polyvinyl chloride bags into intravenous cyclosporine solution, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm., 43,2800-2802. 

Polyvinyl chloride is processed into a number of forms by including additives. Additives are used to vary the properties of PVC so that it can be made soft and flexible or hard and rigid. Additives are also used to inhibit decomposition as a result of exposure to sunlight, ozone, and chemicals. Plasticizers are the primary additive included in PVC materials. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and a host of other phthalates are the most common plasticizers. Plasticizers impart flexibility, thermal stability, strength, and resilience to PVC compounds. PVCs without plasticizers are classified as UPVC the letters stand for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride. UPVC is rigid and used for conduit, containers, gutters, and floor tiles. Other common PVC additives are biocides, lubricants, and pigments. 

A manufacturing precast for producing ortho-phthalate otters derived from alkyl acid ortho-phthalatos and olefins has boon developed and demonstrated on the pilot plant scale. Process variables Include choice of reactants, stoichiometry, reaction kinetics, recycle of recovered materials and the fate of the perchloric add catalyst. Seme physical properties of the ortho-phthalate esters have been determined and severed of the esters have been evaluated as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride. The composite data show that the acid-olefin esterification process provides commercially acceptable plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride. 

Another very important property of plasticizers for PVC resins is the ability to act as a dispersing medium for polyvinyl chloride plastisols. The performance of the particular plasticizer in a plastisol application depends to a great extent on a property known as its viscosity stability. The stability of the plastisol to viscosity build up is the manifestation of the solvating effects of the plasticizer, and thus, those materials with higher solvating efficiency tend to display an increase in plastisol viscosity on standing. Figure 3 is the plot of the viscosity stability of PVC o-phthalate ester plastisol compositions and, in essence, compares the alcohol-derived plasticizers with that of the olefin-derived plasticizer. The data show that... 

Samples were kindly supplied by Allied Chemical Corp. The unplasticized polyvinyl chloride contained 4.7 parts by weight of stabilizer and lubricant per 100 parts of PVC. The plasticized sample had 40 parts of dioctyl phthalate and 2.5 parts of stabilizer per 100 parts of polymer which is equivalent to a total plasticizer content of 30 weight %. 

Figure /. Modulus-temperature curves for pure and plasticized (30 wt. % dioctyl phthalate) polyvinyl chloride...

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