Polyvinyl chloride fibers

Although the dyeability of both polyvinyl chloride fiber and regular vinylon is difficult or not satisfactory, polychlal fiber is dyeable with various kinds of dyes. Some physical properties of polychlal, vinylon, and polyvinyl chloride fibers are shown in Table 4.28. All fibers listed in the table are commercial products in Japan [141]. 

Polyvinyl chloride fibers are produced mostly by dry-spinning using a mixed solvent. Rhovyl is spun from an acetone-carbon disulfide solution and Teviron from acetone-benzene. Although there are no significant differences between the two fibers, their manufacturing processes are widely different from one another. 

FIGURE 4.30 Tensile, knot strength, and elongation versus draw ratio of polyvinyl chloride fiber. 

Polyvinyl chloride fiber has a strong resistance to inorganic chemicals, and it swells or dissolves only in a limited number of organic liquids. Weather resistance is also high when it is compared with that of other synthetic fibers such as nylon 6 and vinylon. 

FIGURE 4.31 Effect of heat-setting temperature and time on the shrinkage of polyvinyl chloride fiber in boiling water. 

Polyvinyl chloride fibers with improved thermal dimensional stability in boiling water can be attained by the use of a PVC, rich in syndiotacticity, and by blending with postchlorinated PVC. Further, it is possible to prepare fiber from PVC grafted with polyacrylonitrile, which shows a softening temperature much higher than 100°C. 

The authors are grateful to Dr. S. Okamura, Dr. T. Osugi, Dr. M. Matsumoto, Dr. K. Tanabe, and Dr. T. Nakayasu for kindly furnishing research and technological data on PVA. Our thanks are extended to Dr. Sakurai and his colleagues in Teijin Co. for their very kind collaboration in preparing this manuscript on polyvinyl chloride fiber. 

The reaction between urea and Aiming sulfuric acid is rapid and exothermic. It may proceed with violent boiling unless the reaction temperature is controlled. The reactants are strongly acidic. Therefore, operators should wear suitable protective gear to guard against chemical hazard. Special stainless steel, mbber lining, fiber-reinforced plastics, and polyvinyl chloride and carbon equipment are used. 

A development of interest to the chemical industiy is the tubular precipitator of reinforced-plastic construction (Wanner, Gas Cleaning Plant after T1O2 Rotary Kilns, technical bulletin, Lurgi Corp., Frankfurt, Germany, 1971). Tubes made of polyvinyl chloride plastic are reinforced on the outside with polyester-fiber glass. The use of modern economical materials of construction to replace high-maintenance materials such as lead has been long awaited for corrosive applications. 

In order to determine the sources of contamination, some water samples, including wastewaters and effluents from different industries were also sampled. Along the Cinca River and in the industrial area of Monzon, industrial effluents from two different industries were selected the first one produced EPS (Expandable polystyrene) treated with flame retardants and ABS (Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), and the second one produced PVC (Polyvinyl chloride). As regards the Vero River, three industries were sampled the first one, a textile industry which produced polyester fibers treated with flame retardants, the second one produced epoxy... 

In the cavernous halls of the Shanghai Industrial Exhibition, one can see a cornucopia of consumer goods (clothes of polyester, polyacrylic, and polyvinyl alcohol fiber shoes and sandals of polyvinyl chloride suitcases and television set frames of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic toys and containers of polyethylene, and many other plastic products (China produced approximately 800,000 tons of plastics in 1980) of convenience we take for granted in the West) that the Chinese government will try to deliver, in quantity, to its citizens in the years to come. 

Those are the generalities of polymers. The specifics of low- and high-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene are covered in the next chapter and resins and fibers in the last. 

For calculation of flow in fire main systems, the design engineer should use the Hazen-Williams friction coefficient of C = 100 in the design of bare steel and concrete steel lined pipingforfire water systemsto allow for future deterioration as the system ages. A friction coefficient of C = 140 may be used for plastic pipe, such as fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 

The initial halogenated polymeric materials were obtained from the polyvinyl chloride-polyvinylidene chloride, PVC-PVDC (Rovil fiber) and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, PVC. Dehydrochlorination was performed in the presence of a base solution in a polar organic solvent (dimethylsulfoxide, acetone or tetrahydro-furane). The products were filtered and extracted with water in a Soxhlet apparatus until all chloride ions were removed. Thermal treatment was performed in a tubular furnace in CO flow at 10 cm min". ... 

Polyvinyl Halides. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride It was produced in Germany up to three decades ago, but this was primarily a 1,1-disubstituted product of increased solubility for dry-spinning of fibers. Goodrich has developed a light-activated suspension chlorination process which produces 1,2-dichlorinated structures of increased hot strength, thermal stability, and flame resistance. 

One technique being used is to bond solid wood with monomeric materials that are highly reactive with hydroxyl groups such as those in the wood fiber wall. For example, Schoring et al. (65) synthesized particleboards using as a binder hexamethylene diamine and polyvinyl chloride at 140°C. They postulated that the polyfunctional amine covalently linked the wood components, especially lignin, to the polyvinyl chloride. 

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