Polystyrenes, electrochemical activation

Polypyrrole, poly thiophene, polyfuran, polycarbazole, polystyrene with tetrathi-afulvalene substituents, polyethylene with carbazole substituents, and poly-oxyphenazine as electrochemically active polymers for rechargeable batteries 97CRV207. 

Photoactive films are formed by dispersing them in different glassy solids and studied for diode applications [70]. These compounds dispersed in polystyrene [227], poly A -vinyl carbazole or polyimides [141,142] show stable electrochromic redox properties in the absence of redox couples in an electrolyte. The electrochemical activity is found to depend on the type of the polymers, the amount of phthalocyanine, the layer thickness and the conditions of film preparation. Photovoltaic cells using Schottky junctions have been... 

In addition, Shen et al. [75] prepared a novel fliree-dimensional electrode using polypyrrole (Ppy) and polystyrene spheres (PS) covered by a platinum catalyst instead of the conventional gas diffusion electrode, in order to reduce the sealing effect in liquid fuel cells. This new type of porous structured electrode allows liquid alcohol to penetrate the catalyst layer quite easily. The approach results in an increased active surface area for electrochemical reactions. The electrochemical active areas of platinum in Pt/Ppy/PS electrodes and E-TEK Pt/C electrodes, calculated by cyclic voltammograms [76, 77], are 4.5 and 23.6 cm g respectively, indicating a larger EAS for the three-dimensional electrode. Preliminary studies show an improved performance for methanol oxidation on a three-dimensional electrode as compared with a conventionally prepared electrode with the same platinum loading. 

The synthesis of mono-Gp triphenoxo titanium complexes with the chelating tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)amine and tris(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine has been reported (Scheme 378). Electrochemical experiments provide useful information on the reduction potentials of the compounds, from which it is clear that tris(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine is a stronger donor than tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)amine. The chelate ring size is also important while the reduction of complex containing tris(2-hydroxyphenyl)amine is largely reversible, the reduction of the tris(hydroxybenzyl)amine derivative is irreversible. In the presence of MAO these compounds show high activity and appreciable selectivity for the preparation of syndiotactic polystyrene.909... 

FIGURE 12.10 (a) SEM image of a THP-1 cell deposited on SWNTs coated with IgG antibodies. The arrows indicate locations of polystyrene beads ingested by the cell as a test of phagocytic activity, (b) Schematic view of the interactions between a macrophage and SWNTs. (c) Electrochemical measurement with an SWNT transistor at -700 mV versus Ag/AgCl in the presence of a THP-1 macrophage. (Reproduced from Heller, I. et al., Small, 5, 2528, 2009. With permission.)... 

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