Polysaccharides capillary electrophoresis

Richmond, M. D. and Yeung, E. S., Development of a laser-excited indirect fluorescence detection for high-molecular weight polysaccharides in capillary electrophoresis, Anal. Biochem., 210, 245, 1993. 

In the previously described electrophoretic methods, the capillary was filled with electrolytes only. Another mode of operation in capillary electrophoresis involves filling the capillary with gel or viscous polymer solutions. If desired, a column can be packed with particles and equipped with a frit.68 This mode of analysis has been favorably used for the size determination of biologically important polymers, such as DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. The most frequently used polymers in capillary gel electrophoresis are cross-linked or linear polyacrylamide,69 cellulose derivatives,70-75 agarose,76 78 and polyethylene glycols. 

H Nishi. Enantiomer separation of basic drugs by capillary electrophoresis using ionic and neutral polysaccharides as chiral selectors. J Chromatogr A 735 345-351, 1996. 

VII. APPLICATIONS OF AFFINITY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS IN STUDYING POLYSACCHARIDE-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS... 

H Nishi. Enantioselectivity in chiral capillary electrophoresis with polysaccharides. J Chromatogr A 792 327-347, 1997. 

RMC Sutton, KL Sutton, AM Stalcup. Chiral capillary electrophoresis with noncyclic oligo- and polysaccharide chiral selectors. Electrophoresis 18 2297-2304, 1997. 

In contrast, CSPs have achieved great repute in the chiral separation of enantiomers by chromatography and, today, are the tools of the choice of almost all analytical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, and pharmacological institutions and industries. The most important and useful CSPs are available in the form of open and tubular columns. However, some chiral capillaries and thin layer plates are also available for use in capillary electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography. The chiral columns and capillaries are packed with several chiral selectors such as polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, antibiotics, Pirkle type, ligand exchangers, and crown ethers. 

The chiral recognition mechanisms in NLC and NCE devices are similar to conventional liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis with chiral mobile phase additives. It is important to note here that, to date, no chiral stationary phase has been developed in microfluidic devices. As discussed above polysaccharides, cyclodextrins, macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotics, proteins, crown ethers, ligand exchangers, and Pirkle s type molecules are the most commonly used chiral selectors. These compounds... 

M. A. Roberts, H.-J. Zhong, J. Prodolliet, and D. M. Goodall, Separation of high-molecular-mass carrageenan polysaccharides by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 817 (1998) 353-366. 

Volpi, N. Application of high-performance capillary electrophoresis to the purification process of Escherichia coli K4 polysaccharide, J. Chromatogr. B, 811, 253, 2004. 

Li, J., Wang, Z. and Altman, E. In-source fragmentation and analysis of polysaccharides by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 19,1305, 2005. 

Volpi, N. Separation of capsular polysaccharide K4 and defructosylated K4 derived disaccharides by high-performance capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis, 24, 1063, 2003. 

Volpi, N. Purification of the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide and use of high-performance capillary electrophoresis to qualitative and quantitative monitor the process. Electrophoresis, 25,3307, 2004. 

Chiral separation of flavonoids has also been carried out by chromatographic systems by using a chemically bonded chiral stationary phase or by the addition of chiral mobile phase additives (reviewed by Yanez et al. ). These chiral polymer phases can be further subdivided into polysaccharide-derived columns, and cyclodextrin and mixed cyclodextrin columns. With regard to chiral mobile phase additives, the addition of an optically active molecule to the mobile phase can facilitate separation of enantiomers on conventional stationary phases. Cyclodextrin as a chiral additive is widely used to separate enantiomers mainly by capillary electrophoresis (CE), as discussed in Section 3.6.2.I. Table 3.7 summarizes the most habitual HPLC procedures employed for the analysis of various classes of food flavonoids. 

Gotti R, Pomponio R, Cavrini V. Linear, neutral polysaccharides as chiral selectors in enantioresolution of basic drug racemates by capillary electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2000 52 273-277. 

Varenne, A., Gareil, P., Colliec-Jouault, S., and Daniel, R. (2003) Capillary electrophoresis determination of the binding affinity of bioactive sulfated polysaccharides to proteins study of the binding properties of fucoidan to antithrombin. Arud. Biochem., 315, 152-159. 

Nishi et al. [110] used dextran and dextrin as chiral selectors in capillary-zone electrophoresis. Polysaccharides such as dextrins, which are mixtures of linear a-(l,4)-linked D-glucose polymers, and dextrans, which are polymers of D-glucose units linked predominantly by a-(l,6) bonds, have been employed as chiral selectors in the capillary electrophoretic separation of enantiomers. Because these polymers are electrically neutral, the method is applicable to ionic compounds. The enantiomers of basic or cationic drugs such as primaquine were successfully separated under acidic conditions. The effects of molecular mass and polysaccharide concentration on enantioselectivity were investigated. 

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