Polymers pharmaceutical grade

Polyacrylic acid is a commonly used matrix for sustained release formulations. These polymers are available as pharmaceutical grade excipients such as Carbomer 910, 934, 934P, 940, 941, 97IP, and 974P (8). Carbopol (Noveon, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.) polymers are polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or... 

The pharmaceutical BFS process combines the formation of plastic containers by blow/vacuum molding extruded pharmaceutical grade polymers, with an aseptic solution filling system. 

Polycarbophil, poly(acrylic acid) polymers crosslinked with divinyl glycol, is available for bioadhesive or medicinal applications. Carbomers designated with the letter P , e.g. carbomer 971P, are the only pharmaceutical grades of polymer accepted for oral or mucosal contact products. These resins are particularly useful in the production of clear gels. 

OTHER COMMENTS the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate is generally referred to as gypsum the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate is used in water and soil treatment, paints, enamels, polishing powders, paper, insecticide dusts, pharmaceuticals, and animal feed has also been utilized in the manufacture of Portland cement, plaster of Paris yeast, artificial marble, calcium carbide, ammonium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and polymers the food and pharmaceutical grade is also used as a source of calcium in foods. 

PURAC has been producing pharmaceutical-grade lactic acid based polymers for medical applications during the last 30 years. These medical applications (e.g., sutures, bone screws) are not the focus of this chapter, which covers only the large-scale industrial applications of PLA. In 2008, PURAC started a d-LA program and produced L-lactide and D-lactide for its PLA partners, such as Synbra. Synbra plans to introduce small volumes of expandable PLA (BioFoam ) to extend its range of expanded polystyrene (PS)-based foam products, before building a 50,000 ton per year expanded-PLA production facility (Schut 2008). 

The aluminum containing compound having the largest worldwide market, estimated to be over 30 x 10 t in 1990, is metal grade alumina. Second, is aluminum hydroxide. In 1990 the market for Al(OH)2 should approach or exceed 3.5 million metric tons which is equivalent to 2.3 million tons on an alumina basis. The spHt between additive and feedstock appHcations for Al(OH)2 (16) is roughly 50 50. Additive appHcations include those as flame retardants (qv) in products such as carpets, and to enhance the properties of paper (qv), plastic, polymer, and mbber products. Significant quantities are also used in pharmaceuticals (qv), cosmetics (qv), adhesives (qv), poHshes (qv), dentifrices (qv), and glass (qv). 

In a batch process, all the reagents are added at the beginning of the reaction. As the reaction proceeds, the compositions change with time. The reaction is stopped and the product is withdrawn when the required conversion has been reached. Batch processes are suitable for small-scale production and for processes that use the same equipment to make a range of different products or grades. Examples include pigments, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. 

The products that stand to benefit most from such optimization are those manufactured by processes involving batch steps, and in a variety of grades that can be stored and have to be packaged. These are usually products downstream from basic chemicals, such as polymers, fine chemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, performance products, and other specialties. Together, these make up more than two-thirds of total chemical output by value. 

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