Polymers hydrogels

Electric-field-driven transport in media made of hydrophilic polymers with nanometer-size pores is of much current interest for applications in separation processes. Recent advances in the synthesis of novel media, in experimental methods to study electrophoresis, and in theoretical methodology to study electrophoretic transport lead to the possibility for improvement of our understanding of the fundamentals of macromolecular transport in gels and gel-like media and to the development of new materials and applications for electric-field-driven macromolecular transport. Specific conclusions concerning electrodiffusive transport in polymer hydrogels include the following. 

CG Varelas, DG Dixon, CA Steiner. Zero-order release from biphasic polymer hydrogels. J Controlled Release 34 185-192, 1995. 

WR Gombotz, AS Hoffman. Immobilization of biomolecules and cells on and within synthetic polymer hydrogels. In NA Peppas, ed. Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy, Vol I. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 1986, pp 95-126. 

Ishihara, K., Ueda, T. and Nakabayashi, N. (1990) Preparation of phospholipid polymers and their properties as polymer hydrogel membranes. Polymer Journal, 22, 355-360. 

Polymer Hydrogels in Cell Engineering and Tissue Engineering. 142... 

Cytocompatible Polymer Hydrogels Composed of Water-Soluble Phospholipid Polymers... 

Similarly to the phospholipid polymers, the MPC polymers show excellent biocompatibility and blood compatibility [43—48]. These properties are based on the bioinert character of the MPC polymers, i.e., inhibition of specific interaction with biomolecules [49, 50]. Recently, the MPC polymers have been applied to various medical and pharmaceutical applications [44-47, 51-55]. The crosslinked MPC polymers provide good hydrogels and they have been used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses. We have applied the MPC polymer hydrogel as a cell-encapsulation matrix due to its excellent cytocompatibility. At the same time, to prepare a spontaneously forming reversible hydrogel, we focused on the reversible covalent bonding formed between phenylboronic acid and polyol in an aqueous system. 

Ishiyama N, Moro T, Ishihara K et al (2010) The prevention of peritendinous adhesions by a phospholipid polymer hydrogel formed in situ by spontaneous intermolecular interactions. Biomaterials 31 4009 -016... 

Another variation on the luminol CL sensor for N02 was introduced by Collins and Ross-Pehrsson [12] where a solid-phase reagent was positioned below a PMT, across which the air under test is pumped. Of the hydrogel or polymeric sorbents investigated, a Waterlock superabsorbing polymer (hydrogel)... 

We have prepared a synthetic protein polymer based on repeat sequence Lys-25 to investigate the effect of uniformity of crosslink placement on the physical properties of a polymer hydrogel (Figure 1). The design of Lys-25 reflects two essential structural requirements for formation of polymer hydrogels (1) a flexible, hydrated (polyamide) backbone and... 

Caramella, C M., Rossi, S., and Bonferoni, M.C., A Rheological Approach to Explain the Mucoadhesive Behavior of Polymer Hydrogels. In Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems (E. Mathiowitz, D.E. Chickering, III, and C.-M. Lehr, eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1999, pp. 25-65. 

A direct implication of this hypothesis is that phase transition of the mucus gel should be reversible, and it should exhibit the characteristic features of a critical phenomenon. Studies conducted in isolated giant mucin secretory granules of the terrestrial slug revealed that hydrated mucin gels, released from individual secretory granules, can indeed be recondensed. Recondensation/ decondensation is reversible and exhibits the typical features of a polymer gel phase transition. Namely, it is discontinuous, and is affected by pH, temperature and Ca2 + concentration in a fashion that mimics phase transition in synthetic polymer hydrogels [32, 33] (see Fig. 3). 

Morishita, M., et al. 2006. Novel oral insulin delivery systems based on complexation polymer hydrogels Single and multiple administration studies in type 1 and 2 diabetic rats. J Control Release 110 587. 

Sirkar K, Pishko M. Amperometric biosensors based on oxidoreductases immobilised in photopolymerised polyethylene glycol) redox polymer hydrogels. Analytical Chemistry 1998, 70, 2888-2894. 

Parmpi P, Kofinas P. Biomimetic glucose recognition using molecularly imprinted polymer hydrogels. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 1969-1973. 

Wizeman WJ, Kofinas P. Molecularly imprinted polymer hydrogels displaying isomerically resolved glucose binding. Biomaterials 2001, 22, 1485-1491. 

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