Polymerase chain reaction materials

There have been a number of attempts to achieve this objective, but so far the challenge has not been fully met. This Chapter will examine some of the conventional approaches and then go on to consider how recent developments in the use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with DNA for the identification of species and individual organisms by DNA analysis, sometimes known as DNA Fingerprinting", have identified a yet unrealized need for a new dimension of certified reference materials. 

Apart from the traditional organic and combinatorial/high-throughput synthesis protocols covered in this book, more recent applications of microwave chemistry include biochemical processes such as high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [2], rapid enzyme-mediated protein mapping [3], and general enzyme-mediated organic transformations (biocatalysis) [4], Furthermore, microwaves have been used in conjunction with electrochemical [5] and photochemical processes [6], and are also heavily employed in polymer chemistry [7] and material science applications [8], such as in the fabrication and modification of carbon nanotubes or nanowires [9]. 

Electrostatic immobilization is often employed when cDNA is used for array production, as this material, usually a product of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is available in relatively large amounts at low cost. 

Finally, several PNA based methods for use in genetic diagnostics have been developed. Of particular interest are methods for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), modulation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses, and detection of genetic material by sensors and mass spectrometry. 8 ... 

There are several different methods based on 16S rRNA sequences that can be used to study bacterial community structure. The first approach involves extracting bulk nucleic acids from samples and then using this material in subsequent molecular analyses. A large number of these methods involve the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using PCR, target gene sequences... 

Keywords biotechnology Genetically modified organisms Polymerase chain reaction Reference materials... 

As the genes themselves are identified and sequenced, so the need for RFLP markers declines since specific DNA probes (see Topic 12) for the most common types of gene defect can be employed. In addition, the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR see Topic 16) in screening for human genetic disease is becoming the method of choice rather than RFLP analysis since it is much faster to perform and requires far less clinical material for analysis. 

Research on DNA-based materials also depends on the facility of obtaining various DNA samples. Profiting from the life sciences, the automated synthesis method is virtually able to synthesize designed DNA, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can amplify the DNA sequence. On the other hand, as a native substance widely existing in organisms, DNA has a broad source in the natural world, especially, from fisheries. A typical case is the salmon milt, which is mostly treated as feedstuff. The DNA content in salmon milt is over... 

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