Polymerase chain reaction detection

J. Liu, D. Xing, X. Shen and D. Zhu, Electrochemiluminescence polymerase chain reaction detection of genetically modified organisms, Anal. Chim. Acta, 537 (2005) 119-123. 

Komminoth, P., Long, A. A., Ray, R., and Wolfe, H. J. (1992) In situ polymerase chain reaction detection of viral DNA, single copy genes and gene rearrangements in cell suspensions and cytospins. Diag. Mol. Pathol. 1, 85-97. 

Single cell reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction detected D2 and D5 but not D3/4 and little Di receptor mRNA in rat striatal cholinergic intemeurons. The D2 receptors coupled to Gi/o and reduced somatic N-type Ca2+ currents (Yan et al. 1997), thus providing a cellular mechanism for the reduction of acetylcholine release by D2 receptors located on cholinergic terminals. 

Immuno-polymerase chain reaction detects the presence of an antigen by PCR amplification of a single-stranded DNA bound (directly or indirectly) to an antibody Dissociation constant (3-Mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane N-Hydroxysuccinimide... 

Although not typically used, laboratory tests are available to help diagnose HSK in equivocal cases. One of the most reliable and festest tests is the Herpchek , which is an enzyme immimoassay test that yields results in 1 day. Additional laboratory tests include viral culture microbio-logic studies, enzyme-linked virus inducible system, and polymerase chain reaction detection. 

Fransen,K Zhong, P., De Beenhouwer, H Carpels, G Peeters, M., Louwagie, J., Janssens, W., Piot, P., and van der Groen, G. (1995) Design and evaluation of new, highly sensitive and specific primers for polymerase chain reaction detection of HIV-1 infected primary lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Probes 9, 373. 

Radich JP, Gehly G, Gooley T, et al. Polymerase chain reaction detection of the BCR-ABL fusion transcript after allogeneic marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia results and implications in 346 patients. Blood 1995 5 2632-38. 

Gindreau, E., Walling, E., and Lonvaud-Funel, A. 2001. Direct polymerase chain reaction detection of ropy Pediococcus damnosus strains in wine. J. Appl. Microbiol. 90, 535-542. 

Soong, R., Beyser, K., Basten, O., Kalbe, A., Rueschoff, J., and Tahiti, K., Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection of cytokeratin 20 in noncolorectal lymph nodes. Clin. Cancer Res. 7, 3423-3429 (2001). 

Z. (2007) Transformed dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans real time polymerase chain reaction detection of COLIAI-PDGFB fusion transcripts in sarcomatous areas. J Clin Pathol, 60, 190-194. 

Battayani, Z., Grob, J.J. et al. (1995) Polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating melanocytes as a prognostic marker in patients with melanoma. Arch Dermatol, 131, 443-447. 

Min, C., Tafia, L., Verhanac, K.M. (1998) Identification of superior markers for polymerase chain reaction detection of hreast cancer metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. Cancer Res, 58, 4581-4584. 

Figure 5,5 Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection scheme and results for contaminations of 5. cerevisiae brewing yeast in S. pastorianus ssp. carlsbergensis brewing yeast and vice versa. Hutzler (2009).

Rand, K. Houck, H. Lawrence, R. Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid and cost savings from earlier hospital discharge. J. Mol. Diagnost. 2005, 7,511-516. 

Diverio, D., Pandolfi, P P, Biondi, A., Avvisati, G, Petti, M C., Mandelli, F., Pelicci, P. G., and Lo Coco, F (1993) Absence of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detectable residual disease in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia in long-term remission. Blood 82, 3556-3559. 

The plaque assay is desirable because it is very sensitive and only detects infectious viral particles. However, there are viral agents which cannot be supported by cell lines. In these cases other methods must be used. The polymerase chain reaction (PGR), which amplifies DNA or RNA from viral agents, can be used to detect the presence and quantity of viral agents. The amount of RNA or DNA target in the initial sample can be determined by competitive PGR where the quantity of amplified product is compared to a control PGR product where the initial amount of target is known. Quantification is also possible by an end-point dilution method similar to that used to determine a tissue culture infections dose. PGR methods can be very sensitive however. 

Palmer, L. M., and Colwell, R. R. (1991). Detection of luciferase gene sequence in nonluminescent Vibrio cholerae by colony hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57 1286-1293. 

Myal Y., Blanchard A., Watson P., CoRRiN M., Shiu R., Iwasiow B. Detection of genetic point mutations by peptide nucleic acid-mediated polymerase chain reaction clamping using paraffin-embedded specimens. Anal. Biochem. 2000 285 169-172. 

Sotlar K, Escribano L, Landt O, et al One-step detection of c-kit point mutations using peptide nucleic acid-mediated polymerase chain reaction clamping and hybridization probes. Am J Pathol 2003 162 737-746. 

While many diseases have long been known to result from alterations in an individual s DNA, tools for the detection of genetic mutations have only recently become widely available. These techniques rely upon the catalytic efficiency and specificity of enzyme catalysts. For example, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) relies upon the ability of enzymes to serve as catalytic amplifiers to analyze the DNA present in biologic and forensic samples. In the PCR technique, a thermostable DNA polymerase, directed by appropriate oligonucleotide primers, produces thousands of copies of a sample of DNA that was present initially at levels too low for direct detection. 

Sakai, Y., Ishihata, K., Nakano, S., Yamada, T., Yano, T., Uchida, K., Nakao, Y., Urisu, A., Adachi, R., Teshima, R., Akiyama, H., Sakai, Y., et ah (2010b). Specific detection of banana residue in processed foods using polymerase chain reaction. /. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 8145-8151. 

Watanabe, T., Akiyama, H., Yamakawa, H., lijima, K., Yamazaki, F., Matsumoto, T., Futo, S., Arakawa, F., Watai, M., and Maitani, T. (2006). A specific qualitative detection method for peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in foods using polymerase chain reaction. /. Food Biochem. 30, 215-233. 

C. E. Gustafson, C. J. Thomas, and T, J. Trust, Detection of Aera/tm/tav-salmoni-cida from fish by using polymerase chain-reaction amplification of the virulence surface array protein gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 5S 3825 (1992). 

Schwartz, H. E., Ulfelder, K., Sunzeri, F. J., Busch, M. R, and Brownlee, R. G., Analysis of DNA restriction fragments and polymerase chain reaction products towards detection of the AIDS (HIV-1) virus in blood, /. Chromatogr., 559, 267, 1991. 

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