Solution polymer consolidation

Many refinements of the Flory-Huggins theory (FH theory) of polymer solutions have been attempted ever since it was proposed in the 1940s. The first one is the detailed study of the mixing entropy and its improvement. The second is to take the semiflexibility of the polymer chains into the theoretical framework. The third is to consolidate its interaction term to accommodate specific interactions such as hydrogen bonds, dipole interaction, hydrophobic force, etc. 

From the effluent concentration profile in a polymer or tracer flood, the total core Peclet number is calculated by fitting the analytic form of the convection-dispersion equation as described above. The most direct experimental comparison between the dispersion appropriate for polymer and for an inert tracer should be done in experiments in which both species are present in the injected pulse of labelled polymer solution. This helps to reduce greatly errors that may arise when separate tracer and polymer experiments are carried out. For example, in the study by Sorbie et al (1987d), the dispersion properties of two different xanthans were examined in consolidated outcrop sandstone cores. In all floods, the inert tracer, Cl, was used, thus allowing the dispersion coefficient of the xanthan and tracer to be measured in the same flood. An example of this is shown for a low-concentration (low-... 

The osmotic pressure becomes equivalent to a mechanical pressure in a two phase fluid model where the solvent is treated as a pure phase. Under these circumstances, a mechanical pressure increases the solvent chemical potential and it flows to a lower pressure (or lower osmotic pressure), hi a polymer solution, the pressures of the polymer and the water must sum to the applied (often atmospheric) pressure. As the polymer concentration is increased, the chemical potential of the water is reduced. In the two phase fluid models, this is equivalent to reducing the pressure of the solvent (indeed it can go negative). When exposed to suspensions where the solvent is at atmospheric pressure (higher chemical potential) the solvent flows from the suspension to the polymer solution until the pressures (chemical potentials) equilibrate. As a result, osmotic consolidation can be used to densify aggregated suspensions while keeping them saturated and with the application of no external pressure. These same ideas can be applied to drying and... 

The experiments described in this paper were all single-phase displacement of polymer solutions through consolidated sandstone. All the cores were prepared by evacuating and saturating with brine the pore volumes of the cores were measured at this time. The experimental floods reported here were then done in three steps. 

In the sol-gel process, ceramic polymer precursors are formed in solution at ambient temperature shaped by casting, film formation, or fiber drawing and then consolidated to furnish dense glasses or polycrystalline ceramics. The most common sol-gel procedures involve alkoxides of silicon, boron, titanium, and aluminum. In alcohol water solution, the alkoxide groups are removed stepwise by hydrolysis under acidic or basic catalysis and... 

STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION. Structural consolidation of the plaster layer is necessary for protection against mechanical stresses, including seismic activity and vibrations generated by buses that bring visitors to the Valley of the Queens. The use of injectable polymers is a viable solution. The most stable polymers must be used, and it may be necessary to custom design polymers for this purpose. The integrity of the plaster layer, before, during, and after treatment must be determined and monitored by ultrasonic, piezoelectric, or photoacoustic methods. This procedure and the use of polymers for paint layer protection will require extensive controlled experimentation, especially on the physicochemical nature of the various pig-... 

In other techniques of oil production, the microlatices can be usefully employed for ground consolidation, manufacture of drilling muds and as completion or fracturation fluids. Another use concerns the prevention of water inflows into production wells. The method consists injecting from the production well into the part in the field to be treated, an aqueous solution of polymer prepared by inverse microlatex dissolution in water. The polymer is adsorbed on the walls of the formation surrounding the well. When the latter is brought in production, the oil and/or the gas selectively traverse the treated zone whereas the passage of water is inhibited. 

Glues chosen for use in bonding material with low absorbency and permeability should not have high carrier (especially water) content. High-carrier glues require suflScient assembly time ( preferably open assembly) to allow for dissipation of most of their carrier. A better option would probably be to use solvent solutions of polymer compatible with the consolidant. 

There is as yet no consolidated opinion as to the optimum electrolyte for lithium-sulfiir batteries. Experiments with solid polymer electrolyte are described, but aprotic electrolyte in a Celgard-type separator commonly used in lithium ion batteries is applied more frequently. A large number of electrolytes has been studied that differ both in solvents and the lithium salt. The greatest acceptance was gained by lithium imide solutions in dioxolane (or in a mixture of dioxolane and dimethoxyethane) and also lithium perchlorate solutions in sulfone. Dissolution of polysulfides in electrolyfe is accompanied by a noticeable increase in viscosity and specific resistance of electrolyte. It is the great complexity of the composition of the electrochemical system and that of the processes occurring therein that prevent as yet commercialization of lithium-sulfiir electrolytes. 

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