Polymer science crystallization

Comprehensive Polymer Science, Crystallization and Melting, vol. 2. Oxford Pergamon Press, 1987. 163. 

Lotz, B. and Wittmann, J.-C. (1993) Structure of Polymer Single Crystals, in Structure and Properties of Polymers, ed. Thomas, E.L. Materials Science and Technology, A Comprehensive Treatment, eds. Cahn, R.W., Haasen, P. and Kramer, E.J. (VCH, Weinheim) p. 79. 

As with all branches of science, polymer chemistry is continually advancing. New topics in polymer chemistry which involve new concepts, new polymers or novel uses for existing materials are being studied in research laboratories throughout the world. In this chapter, some of the more important of these developments are described including the use of polymers in medicine, electronically conducting polymers, and polymer liquid crystals. 

Rill, RL Locke, BR Liu, Y Van Winkle, DH, Electrophoresis in Lyotropic Polymer Liquid Crystals, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 95, 1534, 1998. 

L. Mandelkern, Crystallization and melting. In C. Booth and C. Price (Eds.), Comprehensive Polymer Science, Polymer properties, Ch. 11, Pergamon Press, New York, 1989. 

Crystallization in polymers has long been one of the most difficult problems in polymer science. It was to our great surprise that the computer simulations proved very useful in studying this historical problem, if we properly devised the molecular models and the crystallization conditions. But I am aware that there are many problems in the present simulation. Major criticisms will be why the crystallization is so fast, what kind of relevance the present model has to real polymer systems, and how we can bridge the space and time gaps between the present model and real polymers. 

Direct evidence of nucleation during the induction period will also solve a recent argument within the field of polymer science as to whether the mechanism of the induction of polymers is related to the nucleation process or to the phase separation process (including spinodal decomposition). The latter was proposed by Imai et al. based on SAXS observation of so-called cold crystallization from the quenched glass (amorphous state) of polyethylene terephthalate) (PET) [19]. They supposed that the latter mechanism could be expanded to the usual melt crystallization, but there is no experimental support for the supposition. Our results will confirm that the nucleation mechanism is correct, in the case of melt crystallization. 

Jenkins, P., and Donald, A. M. (1997). Breakdown of crystal structure in potato starch during gelatinization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 66, 225-232. 

Flory, P.J. In Advances in Polymer Science. Liquid Crystal Polymers I Gordon, M., Ed. Springer-Verlag New York, 198A ... 

Ober, C.K. Jin, J. Zhou, Q. Lenz, R.W. In "Liquid Crystal Polymers 1. Advances in Polymer Science 59" Gordon, M. Plate, N.A., Ed. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokvo, 1984. 

This document provides definitions of the basic terms that are widely used in the field of liquid crystals and in polymer science (See references 1-39). It is the first publication of the Commission on Macromolecular Nomenclature dealing specifically with liquid crystals. 

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11, No.7, 15th Aug.2000, p. 1478-87 MORPHOLOGIES OF BLENDS OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE AND ETHYLENE COPOLYMER BY RAPID EXPANSION OF SUPERCRITICAL SOLUTION AND ISOBARIC CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SUPERCRITICAL SOLUTION... 

GeU PH (1963) Polymer single crystals. John Wiley Interscience, New York Mandelkern L (1989) Crystallization and melting of polymers In G Allen (ed) Comprehensive polymer science, vol 2. Pergamon Press, Oxford Avrami M (1939) J Chem Phys 7 1103 Avrami M (1940) J Chem Phys 8 812 Avrami M (1941) J Chem Phys 9 1977 Tohin MC (1974) J.Polym Sci Polym Phys 12,399 Tohin MC (1976) J Polym Sci Polym Phys 14 2253 Nakamura K, Katayama K,Amano T (1975) J Appl Polym Sci 17 1031 Ozawa T (1971) Polymer 12 150... 

McFarlane, F. E., Nicely, V. A., Davis, T. G. Liquid crystal polymers. II. Preparation and properties of polyester exhibiting liquid-crystalline melts, in Contemporary Topics in Polymer Science, Vol. 2 (ed.) Pearse, E. M., Schaefgen, J. R., p. 109, London, Plenum 1977... 

Abstract The morphology of polyethylene has been an important theme in polymer science for more than 50 years. This review provides an historical background and presents the important findings on five specialised topics the crystal thickness, the nature of the fold surface, the lateral habit of the crystals, how the spherulite develops from the crystal lamellae, and multi-component crystallisation and segregation of low molar mass and branched species. 

Keller ends with That is how in 1957 in an office filled with fumes, sparks and scattered X-rays, amidst total isolation from, in fact ignorance of the rest of polymer science, single crystals and chain folding were recognised . 

Peppas N, Merrill E. Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels reinforcement of radiation-crosslinked networks by crystallization. Journal of Polymer Science 1976, 14,441 457. 

Order and Mobility are two basic principles of mother nature. The two extremes are realized in the perfect order of crystals with their lack of mobility and in the high mobility of liquids and their lack of order. Both properties are combined in liquid crystalline phases based on the selforganization of formanisotropic molecules. Their importance became more and more visible during the last years in Material science they are a basis of new materials, in Life science they are important for many structure associated functions of biological systems. The main contribution of Polymer science to thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals as well as to biomembrane models consists in the fact that macromolecules can stabilize organized systems and at the same time retain mobility. The synthesis, structure, properties and phototunctionalization of polymeric amphiphiles in monolayers and multilayers will be discussed. 

A relatively recent field in polymer science and technology is that of the polymeric liquid crystals. Low molecular liquid crystals have been known for a long time already they were discovered almost simultaneously by Reinitzer (1888) and Lehmann (1889). These molecules melt in steps, the so-called mescrphases (phases between the solid crystalline and the isotropic liquid states). All these molecules possess rigid molecular segments, the "mesogenic" groups, which is the reason that these molecules may show spontaneous orientation. Thus the melt shows a pronounced anisotropy and one or more thermodynamic phase transitions of the first order. 

Gordon M and Plate NA (Eds), "Liquid Crystal Polymers", Advanced Polymer Science, Springer, Berlin/ New York, 1984,59-61. 

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