Polymer Microscopy

Koenig, Microspectroscopic Imaging of Polymers, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1997). 

Sawyer and D.T. Grubb, Polymer Microscopy, Chapman Hall, London (1996). 

Greaves and B.P. Saville, Microscopy of Textile Fibers, BioScientific, Oxford (1995). 

Hemsley (ed.). Applied Polymer Light Microscopy, Elsevier Applied Science, London (1989). 

Characterization of Plastics by Physical Methods, C. Hanser, Munich (1986). 

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Sawyer LC, Grubb DT (1987) Polymer microscopy. Chapman and Hall, London... 

Figure 1.33 Comparison of light transmission images of glass fiber-reinforced polyamide in (a) bright-field and (b) phase contrast modes. (Reproduced with kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media from L.C. Swayer, and D.T. Grubb, Polymer Microscopy, Chapman Hall, London. 1996 Springer Science.)...

Sawyer LC, Grubb DT, Meyers GF (2008) Polymer microscopy characterization and evaluation of materials, 3rd edn. Springer, Berlin... 

Sawyer, L. C. Grubb, D. T. Polymer Microscopy, Chapman and Hall London, UK 1996. 

This chapter includes a review of the recent literature on polymer microscopy. The basic principles and current challenges of the techniques, as well as the experimental aspects of sample preparation and observation are reviewed elsewhere [1-8]. Specific techniques are surveyed in other reviews for instance TEM [9], SEM [10], Field emission SEM [11], and high angle annular dark field (HAADF)-STEM [12]. 

Polymer Microscopy by L. C. Sawyer and D. T. Grubb, 2nd Edn, Chapman and Hall, London, 1996. This book covers all aspects of the electron and optical microscopy of polymers, with many examples of its application. 

General books on optical microscopy, a technique often sufficient to evaluate the morphology of polymers and general crystal morphology are Hemsley DA (1989) Applied Polymer Light Microscopy. Elsevier, New York Sawyer L, Grubb DT (1987) Polymer Microscopy. Chapman and Hall (Methuen), New York. 

Polymer microscopy normally uses a beam current ten or a hundred times less than that used in the example above, so the temperature rise is small. Temperature measurement to confirm this is difficult, but TEM observation of low melting point (40-50°C) crystals is convincing [99]. On the other hand, poor thermal contact with the support or a restricted thermal path, as when an... 

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