Electron Microscopy of Polymers

Recent advances in techniques used, in particular availability of high-resolution transmission electron microscopes, as well as interpreting and processing the images, have allowed resolutions of the order of atomic structures in inorganic crystal (below 0.1 nm). However, the best resolution achieved in polymers is, in practice, poorer than this because of polymer-specific problems with high electron irradiation sensitivity and low contrast. 

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The book by Sawyer and (irubb" provides a more detailed account of electron microscopy of polymers and in particular, an excellent overview of the different sample preparation techniques that have been devised. 

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Polymers and Coatings" Princen, L. H., Ed. J. Wiley-Interscience New York, 1971,... 

Michler GH. Electron Microscopy of Polymers. Springer-Verlag Berlin Germany 2008. 

Georg, H., Michler. (2008). Electron microscopy of polymers. Springer. 

M.R. Libera, R.E. Egerton, Advances in the transmission electron microscopy of polymers, Polymer Reviews 50 (2010) 321-339. 

Drummy, Lawrence, F., Yang, Junyan and Martin, David C. (2004). Low-voltage electron microscopy of polymer and organic molecular thin films. Ultramicroscopy, 99(4) 247-256. doi 10.1016/j.ultramic.2004.01.011. PMID 15149719. 

V. Seydewitz, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in Electron Microscopy of Polymers, ed. G. H. MichlCT, Springo", Berlin, 2008, pp. 87-120. 

Michler, G.H., (Ed.), Electron Microscopy of Polymers (2008) Springer-Publishers, Berlin... 

Bassett, D.C., Vaughan, A.S. (Eds.), 2004. Electron Microscopy of Polymer Blends. Oxford University press, Washington, DC. 

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