Polymer electrolytes poly electrolyte

The manipulation of the adsorption of surfactants at the air-solution interface by polymers and poly electrolytes has been extensively studied [17], and has... 

The recent example of the ab initio structure determination of the polymer electrolyte Poly (ethylene oxide)6 LiAsFe by Bruce et is a notable example of the complex structures that can be determined from powder diffraction on a pulsed neutron source. Polymer electrolytes consist of salts dissolved in solid high molecular weight polymers, and represent a unique class of solid coordination compounds. Their importance lies in their potential in the development of truly all-solid-state rechargeable batteries. The structure of the 6 1 complex is particularly important, as it is a region where the conductivity increases markedly. The structure of the complex is distinct from all known crystal structures of PEO salt complexes (see Figure 7). The Li-i- cations are arranged in rows, with each row located inside a cylindrical surface formed by two PEO chains, with the PEO chains adopting a previously unobserved conformation. Furthermore the anions are located outside the PEO cylinders and are not coordinated with the cations. 

M. Kawahara, J. Morita, M. Rikukawa, K. Sanui, and N. Ogata. Synthesis and proton conductivity of thermally stable polymer electrolyte Poly(benzimidazole) complexes with strong acid molecules. Electrochimica Acta 45, 1395-1398 2000. 

G. Manning, in E. S6ldgny (Ed.), Charged and Reactive Polymers, I. Poly electrolytes, Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 1974, pp. 9-37. 

Carlsson, R, D. Andersson, J. Swenson, R.L. McGreevy, W. Howells, and L. Borjesson. 2004. Structural investigations of polymer electrolyte poly(propylene oxide)-LiC104 using diffraction experiments, f Chem Phys 121 12026. 

P. Lightfoot, M. A. Mehta, P. G. Brace, Science 1993,262, 883-885. Crystal structure of the polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide)3 LiCF3S03. 

Siqueira, L. J. A. Ribeiro, M. C. C., Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Polymer Electrolyte Poly(Ethylene Oxide)/Liclo4. li. Dynamical Properties. J. Chem. Phys. 2006,125, 214903-214908. 

R. Dupon, D. H. Whitmore, D. F. Shriver, Transference number measurements for the polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide) Journal of the Electrochemical Society 1981, 128, 715. 

G. S. MacGlashan, Y. G. Andreev, P. G. Bruce, Structure of the polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide)(6) LLAsFg, Nature 1999, 398, 792. 

Siqueira LJA, Ribeiro MCC (2006) Molecular dynamics simulation of the polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide)/LiC104 11. Dynamical properties. J Chem Phys 125 214903... 

Jelle et al. [294] have reported that electrochromatic display consists of polyaniline, Prussian blue, WO3, the solid polymer electrolyte poly(2-acryloamido-2-methyl-... 

The initial trigger for studying this was that Kato and Ohno were members of the Polymer Nano Organization, a Scientific Research Priority Research of MEXT that was headed by Prof. Toyoki Kunitake from 1996 to 1998. At that time, Kato had built various supramolecular hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals [150-152]. Among them was one that had an oxyethylene chain [153], In the past, Ohno had studied polymer electrolyte, poly (ethylene oxide), complexed with lithium salts. The combination of these two concepts, i.e., lithium salt liquid crystals having oxyethylene chains, should lead to liquid electrolytes having ion channels that anisotropically carry ions. 

Lithium-polymer (e.g., Li-VeOis) Polymer electrolyte Poly(ethylene oxide) with lithium salt... 

From the examples presented in this chapter papermaking suspensions are dearly fasdnating complex systems that show a richness of interesting phenomena. Both colloidal and hydrodynamic phenomena play a crudal role. The colloidal interactions can be modified, and thus optimized and controlled, by polymers and poly electrolytes. The time scales of polymer adsorption, partide deposition on fibers, particle detachment polymer transfer, flocculation and break-up of colloidal aggregates determine how a papermaking suspension behaves on a paper machine. These time scales can be controlled by dosage and addition points. Some of the relevant time scales can be predicted by theory, as some of the examples given here show, whereas others require experimental determination, such as polymer transfer rates, particle detachment and floe break-up rates, which are difficult to predict from first principles. Therefore, expensive pilot and mill trials are usually required to optimize and fine-tune the use of additives on a paper machine. Nevertheless, laboratory experiments can provide useful trends and help to eluddate the mechanisms by which additives function. 

LIGHTFOOT, p., NowiNSKi, j.L. and BRUCE, P.G., 1994. Crystal structures of the polymer electrolytes poly(ethylene oxide)4 MSCN (M = NH, K). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 116(16), 7469-7470. 

FRECH R, CHINTAPALLI s, BRUCE p and VINCENT c A, Structure of an amorphous polymer electrolyte, poly(ethylene oxide)3 LiCF3S03 , Chem Commun, 1997, 157-158... 

PAPKE B L, RATNER M A and SHRivER D F, Vibrational spectroscopy and structure of polymer electrolytes, poly(ethylene oxide) complexes of alkali metal salts , / Phys Chem Solids, 1981,42,493-500... 

Solid polymer electrolyte poly(vinylacetate-methylmethacrylate) (SPE) based on P(VAc-MMA)... 

The earliest SFA experiments consisted of bringing the two mica sheets into contact m a controlled atmosphere (figure Bl.20.61 or (confined) liquid medium [14, 27, 73, 74 and 75]. Later, a variety of surfactant layers [76, 77], polymer surfaces [5, 9, fO, L3, 78], poly electrolytes [79], novel materials [ ] or... 

A second class of important electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries are soHd electrolytes. Of particular importance is the class known as soHd polymer electrolytes (SPEs). SPEs are polymers capable of forming complexes with lithium salts to yield ionic conductivity. The best known of the SPEs are the lithium salt complexes of poly(ethylene oxide) [25322-68-3] (PEO), —(CH2CH20) —, and poly(propylene oxide) [25322-69-4] (PPO) (11—13). Whereas a number of experimental battery systems have been constmcted using PEO and PPO electrolytes, these systems have not exhibited suitable conductivities at or near room temperature. Advances in the 1980s included a new class of SPE based on polyphosphazene complexes suggesting that room temperature SPE batteries may be achievable (14,15). 

Figure 11.9. Conductivity vs temperature plot for two ionically conducting crystals and for a polymer electrolyte, LiTf-aPtO40, which is based on amorphous poly(ethylene) oxide (after Ratner...

The first use of ionic liquids in free radical addition polymerization was as an extension to the doping of polymers with simple electrolytes for the preparation of ion-conducting polymers. Several groups have prepared polymers suitable for doping with ambient-temperature ionic liquids, with the aim of producing polymer electrolytes of high ionic conductance. Many of the prepared polymers are related to the ionic liquids employed for example, poly(l-butyl-4-vinylpyridinium bromide) and poly(l-ethyl-3-vinylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [38 1]. 

Figure 1. Temperature variation of the conductivity for a cross-section of polymer electrolytes. PESc, poly (ethylene succinate) PEO, polyethylene oxide) PPO, polypropylene oxide) PEI, poly(ethyleneimine) MEEP, poly(methoxyethoxy-ethoxyphosphazene) aPEO, amorphous methoxy-linked PEO PAN, polyacrylonitrile PC, propylene carbonate EC, ethylene carbonate.

Since the realization in the early 1980s that poly (ethylene oxide) could serve as a lithium-ion conductor in lithium batteries, there has been continued interest in polymer electrolyte batteries. Conceptually, the electrolyte layer could be made very thin (5im ) and so provide higher energy density. Fauteux et al. [31] have recently reviewed the present state of polymer elec-... 

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