Polymer blends and composites

In this case the final crosslinking reaction is not an addition polymerization reaction but the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of alkoxy silanes incorporated through a separate step of addition graft copolymerization. 

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J. A. Manson and L. H. Sperling, Polymer Blends and Composites, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. 

Synthetic polymers have become extremely important as materials over the past 50 years and have replaced other materials because they possess high strength-to-weight ratios, easy processabiUty, and other desirable features. Used in appHcations previously dominated by metals, ceramics, and natural fibers, polymers make up much of the sales in the automotive, durables, and clothing markets. In these appHcations, polymers possess desired attributes, often at a much lower cost than the materials they replace. The emphasis in research has shifted from developing new synthetic macromolecules toward preparation of cost-effective multicomponent systems (ie, copolymers, polymer blends, and composites) rather than preparation of new and frequendy more expensive homopolymers. These multicomponent systems can be "tuned" to achieve the desired properties (within limits, of course) much easier than through the total synthesis of new macromolecules. 

Manson JA, Sperling LZ (1976) Polymer blends and composites Plenum Press, London, Ch 13... 

Dawsey TR (1994) In Gilbert RD (ed) Cellulosic Polymers, Blends and Composites. 

Manson, J.A. Sperling, L.H. "Polymer Blends and Composites" Plenum New York, 1976. 

S. Patachia, Blends based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and the products based on this polymer , in Handbook of Polymer blends and composites , C. Vasile and A.K. Kulshreshtha (eds.), Chap. 8, RAPRA Technology LTD., England, Chap.8. 2003. p. 288-365. 

All of the examples of PEMs discussed within Section 3.3 unhl now have been composed of only one polymer system without any other compounds present—be they small molecules, polymers, or solid-state materials. A wide variety of different polymer blend and composite PEMs has been made. However, in this section, only a brief overview highlighting some of the more interesting examples that have been reported in the literature will be presented. Eor discussion, these types of PEMs have been divided into three categories polymer blends, ionomer-filled porous substrates and reinforced PEMs, and composite PEMs for high-temperature operation and alternative proton conductors. 

Manson, J. A., Sperling, L. H. Polymer blends and composites. New York Plenum Press 1976... 

It is a routine SFM experiment to investigate the heterogeneous structure of polymer blends and composites containing micrometer sized domains [69]. A less trivial problem is to resolve and characterise the features on the nanometer scale (around 10 nm), which are comparable to the tip size and the contact area. Typical systems, which demonstrate microheterogeneous structures, are block copolymers consisting of chemically different and physically incompatible blocks, e.g. A and B. As a result of the interconnectivity of the blocks, block copolymers undergo microphase separation, where the size of the microdomains is restricted to the molecular dimensions. One can distinguish between AB diblock copolymers and triblock copolymers (ABA and ABC). 

Guo J-X, Gray DG (1994) In Gilbert RD (ed.) Cellulosic polymers, blends and composites, chap. 2. Carl Hanser, Munich... 

Guo, J.-X., and Gray, D. G. (1994). Lyotropic cellulose liquid crystals. In Cellulosic Polymers Blends and Composites, Gilbert, R. D. (Ed.), p. 27. Hanser/Verlag, Munich. 

Manson JA and Sperling LH, "Polymer Blends and Composites", Heyden, London, Plenum Press, 1976. 

To improve the properties of PLA, plasticizers, special additives such as chain-extenders, polymer blends, and composites are commonly investigated. Martin and Averous (10) have studied the effects of various plasticizers on the properties of PLA. Pilla et al. (11-12) have investigated the effects of chain-extenders on the foaming properties of PLA. In addition, a vast number of studies have been conducted to enhance the properties of PLA by blending it with various polymers such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyvinyl acetate, polyolefins, polystyrene, HIPS (high impact polystyrene), polyacetals, polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) (13-26). 

Yu., L. and Chen, L. 2QP9. Renewable Resources. Biodegradable Polymer Blends and Composites from Renewable Resources. Long Yu, ed., pp. 1-15. John Whey Sons, Inc., accessible at http //www3. interscience, whey.com/cgi-bin/booktext/122186851/BOOKPDFSTART. 

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