Polyelectrolytes applications

Achyuthan KE, Bergstedt TS, Chen L, Jones RM, Kumaraswamy S, Kushon SA, Ley KD, Lu L, McBranch D, Mukundan H, Rininsland F, Sh X, Xia W, Whitten DG (2005) Fluorescence superquenching of conjugated polyelectrolytes applications for biosensing and drug discovery. J Mater Chem 15 2648-2656... 

The largest area of polyelectrolytes application is potable and waste water treatment by filtration [108]. Here the anionic, nonionic, and cationic poly electrolytes are used. The USA, France, Germany, Japan, and other countries are widely use polyelectrolytes in direct water and wastewater filtration. Large quantities of ultra-high quality water are produced by suitably designed direct filtration equipment employing polyelectrolytes [109]. Polyelectrolytes strongly improve removal of color, oil, asbestos at treatment of water by filtration [110]. 

MAJOR APPLICATIONS Food industries, adhesives, paper and textile industries, chemicals, reinforcement in rubber, polyelectrolyte applications, and biodegradable blends and composites. 

Polyelectrolytes and their Applications is the second volume in the series Charged and Reactive Polymers . The important areas of polyelectrolyte applications, i.e., biomedicine, water purification, petroleum recovery and drag reduction, are presented along with discussions of the fundamental principles of polyelectrolyte chemistry and physics. This book should be of interest to scientists such as physicians, biochemists, polymer chemists and chemical engineers involved in applications of these materials. 

Table 6.1 provides varied examples of industrial effluent treatment where polyelectrolyte application has been used [44—49]. 

Achyuthan KE, Bergstedt TS, Chen L et al (2005) Fluorescence superquenching of conjugated polyelectrolytes applications for biosensing and drug discovery. J Mater Chem 15 2648-2656... 

Interest in the chemistry of water-soluble polymers (polyelectrolytes) has been continually increasing during the past 45 years. The tremendous scope of utility for water-soluble polymers has led to a vigorous search for new materials and the rapid development of polyelectrolytes into a dynamic field of industrial research. Growth in this field has been especially rapid since 1960 and today, many companies are engaged in synthesis and applications research on polyelectrolytes that are primarily used in four main marketing areas water treatment, paper, textiles, and oil recovery [1]. Polyacrylamide gel was also used as soil conditioner [2-4]. 

The application of the above methods of calculation has shown that the quasi-diffusion of organic counterions is profundly affected by both the amount of the crosslinking agent in a crosslinked polyelectrolyte and the method of formation of the crosslinked structure [109-112]. Fig. 28 shows the dependence of diffusion coefficients for streptomycin ions on the amount of the crosslinking... 

Polyelectrolytes such as the ion exchange plastics form an interesting group of materials because of their ability to interact with water solutions. They have been used in medical applications involving the removal of heavy metal ions from the human body. They can be used to interact with external electric fields and change their physical properties drastically as is illustrated by the fact that some electrically active liquid crystals are polyelectrolytes of low molecular weight. 

Another application for polyelectrolyte materials is in the forming plastics with unusual physical properties with regard to adhesion. The incorporation of small amounts of organic acid materials into polyolefin structures results in materials that have excellent adhesion to metals, paper, glass, and a variety... 

Gorin has extended this analysis to include (1) the effects of the finite size of the counterions in the double layer of spherical particles [137], and (2) the effects of geometry, i.e. for cylindrical particles [2]. The former is known as the Debye-Huckel-Henry-Gorin (DHHG) model. Stigter and coworkers [348,369-374] considered the electrophoretic mobility of polyelectrolytes with applications to the determination of the mobility of nucleic acids. 

Stigter, D, Electrophoresis of Highly Charged Colloidal Cylinders in Univalent Salt Solutions. 2. Random Orientation in External Field and Application to Polyelectrolytes, Journal of Physical Chemistry 82, 1424, 1978. 

Tanaka, T, Phase Transitions of Gels. In Polyelectrolyte Gels, Properties, Preparation, and Applications, ACS Symposium Series Harland, RS Prud homme, RK, eds. American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1992 Vol. 480, p 1. 

Branched polyelectrolytes have become of special interest because of their industrial importance and scientifically interesting properties. Poly(ethyl-eneimine), which is important in various industrial applications, can provide an excellent example branched and linear polyelectrolytes have quite different properties due to both their different topographies and structures [89-91]. As another practical point, branched polyelectrolytes can act as precursor or fragments of polyelectrolyte gels. A variety of theoretical approaches have been reported on the investigations of branched polyelectrolytes [92-97]. However,... 

While the condition of stoichiometric neutrality invariably must hold for a macroscopic system such as a space-network polyelectrolyte gel, its application to the poly electrolyte molecule in an infinitely dilute solution may justifiably be questioned. In a polyelectrolyte gel of macroscopic size the minute excess charge is considered to occur in the surface layer (the gel being conductive), which is consistent with the assumption that the potential changes abruptly at the surface. This change is never truly abrupt, for it must take place throughout a layer extending to a depth which is of the order of magnitude of the... 

The ability of the polyelectrolyte-based AB cements (Chapter 5) to bond to a variety of substrates, combined with their rapid development of strength - they can become load-bearing within minutes of preparation -suggests that they have applications as rapid-repair and handyman materials. 

Although this account of gelation is made with reference to organic polyelectrolytes, it is of wider application and may be applied to phosphoric acid cements. Orthophosphoric acid solutions used in these cements contain aluminium, and soluble aluminophosphate complexes are formed. Some appear to be multinuclear and there is evidence for polymers based on the bridging Al-O-P unit. These could be termed polyelectrolytes (Akitt, Greenwood Lester, 1971 Wilson et al., 1972 O Neill et al., 1982). 

Nicholson, J. W. (1992). The application of the reptation hypothesis to polyelectrolyte biomaterials. Journal of Materials Science, Materials in Medicine, 3, 157-9. 

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