Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in sediment

Kayal, S.I., Connell, D.W., 1989. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediments of the Brisbane River (Australia) preliminary results. Water Sci. Technol. 21, 161-165. 

Fig. 1. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment cores over time total PAH abundance in sediment core sections from Pettaquams-cutt River, Rhode Island, U.S.A. and benzo[a]pyrene concentrations in cores from Grosser Ploner See (NW Germany). [Reprinted from Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Vol 44, Hites RA, LaFlamme RE, Windsor JG Jr., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an anoxic sediment core from the Pettaquamscutt River (Rhode Island, U.S.A.), pp 873-878. Copyright (1980), with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd., The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington 0X5 1GB, UK.]...

Heit, M. 1985. The relationship of a coal fired power plant to the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the sediment of Cayuga Lake. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 24 41-61. 

Fig. 2.21. Comparison of measured levels and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and sediments from the various sites, in South Korea (a) soil (n = 226), (b) freshwater (n = 81), (c) brackish (n = 11), and (d) marine sediments (n = 159). Range indicates minimum (min), maximum (max), and arithmetic mean (avg.). Dotted lines represent SQGs of effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM) for total PAHs (Long et al., 1995).

Klamer, H.J.C., Fomsgaard, L., 1993. Geographical distribution of chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surface sediments from the Humber Plume, North Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 26, 201-206. 

Soclo, H.H., Garrigues, P.H., Ewald, M., 2000. Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in coastal marine sediments Case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40, 387-396. 

Viguri, J., Verde, J., Irabien, A., 2002. Environmental assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surface sediments of the Santander Bay, Northern Spain. Chemosphere 48, 157-165. 

Dahle, S., Savinov, V.M., Matishov, G.G., Evenset, A., and Naes, K. (2003) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom sediments of the Kara Sea shelf, Gulf of Ob and Yenisei Bay. Sci. Total Environ. 306, 57-71. 

Mitra, S., Dickhut, R.M., Kuehl, S.A., and Kimbrough, K.L. (1999b) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) source, sediments deposition patterns, and particle geochemistry as factors influencing PAH distribution coefficients in sediments of the Elizabeth River, VA, USA. Mar. Chem. 66, 113-127. 

Watts AW, Ballestero, TP, Gardener KH. 2006. Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in salt march plants Spartina altemiflora grown in contaminated sediments. Chemosphere 62 1253-1260. 

Analyses of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in recent sediments (Giger and Blumer, 1974 Blumer and Youngblood, 1975 Hites and Biemann, 1975 Youngblood and Blumer, 1975 Tissier and Spyckerelle, 1977 Tissier and Dastillung, 1978 Laflamme and Hites, 1978) suggest this fraction to be highly complex, and the origin of these compounds in recent sediments is not completely resolved. 

Chee KK, Wong MK, Lee HK (1997) Microwave-assisted solvent extraction of air particulates for the determination of PAHs. Environ Monit Assess 44 391 08 Christensen A, Ostman C, Westerholm R (2005) Ultrasound-assisted extraction and on-line LC-GC-MS for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban dust and diesel particulate matter. Anal Bioanal Chem 381 1206-1216 Cortazar E, Bartolome L, Delgado A, Etxebarria N, Fernandez LA, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O (2005) Optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of nonylphenols and phfhalate esters in sediment samples and comparison with pressurised solvent extraction. Anal Chim Acta 534 247-254... 

Targeted testing included analyses of the content of mercury (Hg), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mussels and sediment [3], The maximum mercury content in sediment was 0.7 mg kg dry matter, registered in 1986 at Vmca, while the tissue of the mussels Unio sp. had a maximum content of 0.40 mg kg dry matter. The sample was collected at Brestovik in 1991. 

McGroddy S, Farrington JW (1995) Sediment porewater partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three cores from Boston Harbor, MA. Environ Sci Technol 29 1542-1550. 

Hydrocarbons. In other publications the historical trend of organic pollutant concentrations, namely polychlorinated biphenys (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides DDT and metabolites DDE, DDD, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have been reconstructed. For this purpose the sediments of the core sampled in the Lagoon area close to the industrial district were employed (16,17). 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

Consequently, Europe has historically been a hotspot of environmental pressures because of the contamination caused by agricultural, municipal, and industrial activities and high population densities [5, 6], Such contamination has led to poor water quality in many European river basins [7-12], In addition, this pollution can cause the accumulation in river sediments of toxic compounds such as pesticides [13], surfactants [14], and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [15], These can in turn act as a source to biota [16] and as a potential risk for entire ecosystems [17] if the compounds bioaccumulate, and thereby enter the food chain [18],... 

Al-Saad, H.T. and A.A. Al-Timari. 1989. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH s) in marsh sediments, Iraq. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43 864-869. 

According to the vendor, Cement-Lock technology has successfully removed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, and tetrachlorodibenzo-1,4-dioxin (TCDD)/2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) from soils and sediments in bench-scale tests. Metal concentrations were also reduced below detection limits in bench-scale tests. These metals included arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, mercury, and silver. 

In 1993, the Daramend process was used to treat 150 metric tons of sediment contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Hamilton Harbor. According to the vendor, the cost of this demonstration was approximately 26,250 or 175 per ton (D10085W, p. 15 D169839). 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are produced by the combustion, under fuel rich conditions, of almost any fuel. Although a few PAH with vinylic bridges (such as acenaphthylene) are lost, most PAH are quite stable in the atmosphere and eventually accumulate in environmental sinks such as marine sediments. Spatial and historical measurements of PAH in sediments Indicate that these compounds are stable, conservative markers of man s energy producing activities. 

An important extension of this carboxylation strategy has recently been suggested by Zhang and Young (1997) who studied the degradation of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene and phenanthrene, in a sulfate-reducing sediment. The naphthalene was found to be converted to 2-naphthoic acid and the phenanthrene to phenanthrene carboxylic acid (see below). Further degradation to C02 was rapid after the presumptive initial carboxylation. Possibly carbon dioxide derivatives can be made so electrophilic by enzymatic interactions (shown... 

Fig. 2.20. Composition (mean%) of 16 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to total PAHs detected in various environmental media in (a) air (n = 24), (b) soil (n = 226), (c) freshwater (n = 46), and (d) marine sediment (n = 159), from the South Korea. Naphthalene NAP, Acenaphthylene ACY, Acenaphthene ACE, Fluorine FLU, Phenanthrene PHE, Anthracene ANT, Fluoranthene FLT, Pyrene PYR, Benz[a]ant-hracene BaA, Chrysene CHR, Benzo[6]fluoranthene BbF, Benzo[ ]fluoranthene BkF, Benzo[a]pyrene BaP, Indeno[l,2,3,c,d]pyrene I123cdP, Dibenz[a,/z]anthracene DahA, Ben-zo[g,/y ]perylene BghiP.

Khim, J.S., Villeneuve, D.L., Kannan, K., Lee, K.T., Snyder, S.A., Koh, C.H., Giesy, J.P., 1999a. Alkylphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorines in sediment from Lake Shihwa, Korea Instrumental and bioanalytical characterization. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8, 2424-2432. 

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